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Affective disorders --- Affective disorders. --- Mood Disorders. --- Affective Symptoms. --- Alexithymia --- Emotional Disturbances --- Affective Symptom --- Alexithymias --- Disturbance, Emotional --- Disturbances, Emotional --- Emotional Disturbance --- Symptom, Affective --- Symptoms, Affective --- Emotions --- Affective Disorders --- Affective Disorder --- Disorder, Affective --- Disorder, Mood --- Disorders, Affective --- Disorders, Mood --- Mood Disorder --- Mood disorders --- Psychology, Pathological --- bipolar disorders --- mood disorders --- major depression --- personality disorders --- anxiety disorders --- epidemiology

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Spontaneously stereotyping female and male bank voles were injected daily (except on days assigned for monitoring behaviour) during 3 weeks with placebo, the neurolepticum clozapine or the SSRI antidepressant citalopram. Clozapine blocks dopamine (DA) receptors and acts as a partial serotonin (5-HT) antagonist, while citalopram is a specific 5-HT agonist. Stereotypies in both sexes were left unaffected by clozapine treatment, but citalopram markedly reduced stereotypy levels in females. Animal stereotypies have been widely used in models to provide insight into the underlying pathophysiological processes in human mental disturbances. The present findings highlight the importance of examining sex as a significant variable in evaluating responses to pharmacotherapy, and the demonstrated effect of citalopram indicates that stereotyping female bank voles may be useful in new animal models for human anxiety and mood disorders.

5-ht. --- 5-ht2c. --- Animal model. --- Animal-model. --- Animal-models. --- Animal. --- Antidepressant. --- Anxiety. --- Bank vole. --- Bank voles. --- Behavior. --- Behaviour. --- Citalopram. --- Clozapine. --- Compulsive. --- Disorder. --- Dopamine. --- Female. --- Females. --- Human. --- Knockout mouse. --- Knockout. --- Level. --- Male. --- Model. --- Models. --- Mood disorders. --- Mood. --- Mouse. --- Neuroleptica. --- Obsessive-compulsive disorder. --- Ocd. --- Pharmacotherapy. --- Placebo. --- Receptor. --- Receptors. --- Response. --- Responses. --- Serotonin. --- Sex. --- Sexes. --- Ssri. --- Stereotypies. --- Stereotypy. --- Treatment. --- Vole. --- Voles.

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Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of certain mood disorders, including depression and anxiety. It is, however, not known which of the five cloned NPY receptors mediate these functions. We investigated the effect of Y2 receptor deletion on anxiety and stress-related behaviours. In the elevated plus maze, Y2 knock out (Y2/) mice showed a 2.7-fold higher frequency of entering into, and spent 3.8 times more time within, the open arms compared to controls, while entries into the closed arms did not differ. Similarly Y2/ mice entered the central area of the open field 1.7 times more frequently and also spent 1.8 times more time there. In the light/dark test Y2/ mice had a 4.8-fold lower latency to enter the lit area but stayed there 2.6 times longer than control mice. Y2/ mice displayed 3.2-fold less immobility in the forced swim test, indicating improved stress coping ability. Y2 receptors are predominantly located presynaptically where they mediate feedback inhibition of neurotransmitter release. Deletion of these receptors may result in enhanced release of NPY, GABA and/or glutamate in brain areas linked to the manifestation of anxiety, and stress-related behaviour such as the amygdala. Taken together, deletion of the Y2 receptor has revealed an important role of Y2 receptors in the generation of anxiety-related and stress-related behaviours in mice.

Ability. --- Amygdala. --- Anxiety. --- Area. --- Behaviour. --- Brain. --- Control. --- Coping. --- Depression. --- Disorder. --- Elevated plus maze. --- Feedback. --- Field. --- Frequency. --- Function. --- Gaba. --- Glutamate. --- Hippocampus. --- Immobility. --- Inhibition. --- Knock-out. --- Light/dark test. --- Mice. --- Mood disorders. --- Mood. --- Neuropeptide y. --- Open field. --- Open-field. --- Pathophysiology. --- Receptor. --- Receptors. --- Release. --- Stress coping. --- Stress. --- Test. --- Time. --- Y2 receptor knockout.

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Manic-depressive illness --- Bipolar Disorder. --- Manic-depressive illness. --- Traitement. --- Recherche médicale. --- Psychose maniaco-dépressive. --- Bipolar depression --- Bipolar disorder --- Depression, Bipolar --- Depression, Manic --- Manic depression --- Manic-depressive psychoses --- Manic-depressive psychosis --- Melancholia --- Mania --- Manic State --- Psychoses, Manic-Depressive --- Affective Psychosis, Bipolar --- Manic Disorder --- Manic-Depressive Psychosis --- Psychosis, Manic-Depressive --- Bipolar Affective Psychosis --- Bipolar Depression --- Bipolar Disorders --- Disorder, Bipolar --- Disorder, Manic --- Manias --- Manic Depressive Psychosis --- Manic Disorders --- Manic States --- Manic-Depressive Psychoses --- Psychoses, Bipolar Affective --- Psychoses, Manic Depressive --- Psychosis, Bipolar Affective --- Psychosis, Manic Depressive --- State, Manic --- States, Manic --- Bipolar Disorder --- Affective disorders --- Psychoses --- Depression, Mental --- Bipolar Mood Disorder --- Manic Depression --- Bipolar Mood Disorders --- Depressions, Manic --- Disorder, Bipolar Mood --- Mood Disorder, Bipolar --- Bipolar disorder. --- Affective psychoses, Bipolar --- Bipolar mood disorder --- Psychoses, Manic-depressive --- Bipolar Disorder Type 1 --- Bipolar Disorder Type 2 --- Type 1 Bipolar Disorder --- Type 2 Bipolar Disorder