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Aggression. --- Behavior. --- Gender. --- Pheromones. --- Pig. --- Swine. --- Urine.

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Eighteenth-century debates continue to set the terms of modern day discussions on how 'nature and nurture' shape sex and gender. Current dialogues - from the tension between 'real' and 'ideal' bodies, to how nature and society shape sexual difference - date back to the early modern period. Debating Sex and Gender is an innovative study of the creation of a two-sex model of human sexuality based on different genitalia within Spain, reflecting the enlightened quest to promote social reproduction and stability. Drawing on primary sources such as medical treatises and legal literature, Vicente traces the lives of individuals whose ambiguous sex and gender made them examples for physicians, legislators and educators for how nature, family upbringing, education, and the social environment shaped an individual's sex. This book brings together insights from the histories of sexuality, medicine and the law to shed new light on this timely and important field of study.

Gender Identity. --- Gender identity --- Gender identity. --- History, 18th Century. --- SOCIAL SCIENCE / Discrimination & Race Relations. --- SOCIAL SCIENCE / Minority Studies. --- Sex --- Sex. --- Sexuality --- Transsexualism --- History --- History. --- 1700-1799. --- Spain. --- History of Spain --- anno 1700-1799 --- Sex identity (Gender identity) --- Sexual identity (Gender identity) --- Identity (Psychology) --- Sex (Psychology) --- Queer theory --- Gender (Sex) --- Human beings --- Human sexuality --- Sex (Gender) --- Sexual behavior --- Sexual practices --- Sexology --- Spain --- Balearic Islands --- Canary Islands --- Gender dysphoria

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A series of experiments was undertaken to both discover and explore the causes of sexually dimorphic phenotypic asymmetries in infant and adult Mongolian gerbils. We found that (1) the order in which the eyes of individual gerbil pups opened varied with their gender; right eves of female pups opened before left eyes, while left eyes of male pups opened before right eves, and (2) the paw that adult gerbils held in the air while maintaining a species-typical tripedal stance varied with gender: female gerbils held their right paws in the air significantly more often than did male gerbils. Both order of eye opening and laterality of paw use while in a tripedal stance varied significantly as a function of the intrauterine position which subjects had occupied as fetuses. These data implicate exposure to testosterone as a mediator of the development of asymmetries exhibited by Mongolian gerbils

Adult. --- Asymmetries. --- Asymmetry. --- Bias. --- Development. --- Experiment. --- Experiments. --- Exposure. --- Eye. --- Female. --- Fetuses. --- Function. --- Gender. --- Gerbil. --- Gerbils. --- Infant. --- Intrauterine position. --- Male. --- Mongolian gerbil. --- Mongolian gerbils. --- Mongolian-gerbil. --- Paw preference. --- Position. --- Preference. --- Pups. --- Rat. --- Testosterone. --- Time.

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The characteristics of 227 biting dogs, their homes, and their victims were gathered in a detailed telephone survey of general veterinary clientele in the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. All of the dogs had bitten either someone living in the same household, or someone who was a frequent visitor and was well known to the dog. There were 117 male and 110 female dogs included in this case series. Significantly more female dogs were neutered (P=0.03), 58% of the dogs were purebred, and the most commonly reported breed was the Labrador Retriever (n=15). The mean number of people living in each home was 3.13 (S.D.±0.08). Aggression which would traditionally be defined as dominant or possessive had been demonstrated by 75.6% of the dogs in at least one of 17 specific situations outlined in the questionnaire. Dogs with a history of this type of aggression were significantly older (P=0.02) and of lower body weight (P<0.001) when compared to the remainder of the dogs, and were more likely to be fearful of a variety of stimuli. The effect of fear in these dogs may be important in understanding the motivation for and treatment of aggression problems. For what the owner considered to be the worst bite incident, 42.4% could be attributed to behaviour which appeared to be characteristic of dominant or possessive aggression. If the reason for the worst bite incident was related to the commonly accepted criteria for dominance aggression, then the dogs were more often male and purebred. Owners of these dogs were also more likely to rank the bite as a more serious event (P=0.001). Adults were the most common victims of dog bites, and most injuries were to the hands and arms (56.2%). A minority of injuries (9.3%) received medical attention, supporting previous evidence that dog bites are greatly underreported. A bite requiring medical attention was scored as a more important incident by the owner and was more likely to have caused the ow

Adult. --- Aggression. --- Attention. --- Behaviour. --- Bite. --- Bites. --- Body weight. --- Body-weight. --- Breed. --- Dog bite. --- Dog bites. --- Dog. --- Dogs. --- Dominance aggression. --- Dominance. --- Fear. --- Female. --- Gender. --- History. --- Injuries. --- Injury. --- Labrador retriever. --- Male. --- Motivation. --- People. --- Questionnaire. --- Rank. --- Situations. --- Stimuli. --- Survey. --- Treatment. --- Veterinary. --- Weight.

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The authors investigated the epidemiology of dog bites in a large city by analyzing dog bite data from the period 1995 through 1997, The following data pertaining to victims sere studied: gender, race, age, residing health district, exposure date, reporting date, duration between exposure and reporting (lag time), reporting agency hospitalization, treatment, and location of bite. Data pertaining to the dogs-breed and ownership status-also were considered. Male victim bite rates increased 21 percent over the three-par period, possibly because of an increase in stray dogs. Medical centers reported the majority of bites (58 to 68 percent). The mean lag time for the period ranged From 4.4 to 5.6 days, During 1997, the lag time was lower For owned dogs (4.0 days) than for stray dog (5.2 days) (p <.001). Lag time in 1997 also was lower for victims five to nine years of age (4.1 days) than for victims 15 to 19 years of age (6.3 days) (p=.006), Dog bites continue to increase dramatically The investigators identified several reporting characteristics to which attention should be paid so that dog bites can be reduced, along with the public health ha:ards they present

Age. --- Analysis. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Attention. --- Bite. --- Bites. --- Children. --- City. --- Dog bite. --- Dog bites. --- Dog. --- Dogs. --- Duration. --- Emergency. --- Exposure. --- Floor. --- Gender. --- Health. --- Increase. --- Injuries. --- Male. --- Prevention. --- Stray dogs. --- Time. --- Treatment.