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The unification of Russia around Moscow was not inevitable--other principalities also claimed this role. This book posits that relations between Moscow and Ulus Jochi (Golden Horde) were complex and interdependent, and the process of the formation of the Moscow state took place under the influence of internal and external factors.

Despotism --- History. --- Russia --- History --- Byzantium. --- Golden Horde. --- Grand Duchy of Lithuania. --- Kazakh Khanate. --- Kazakhstan. --- Moscow. --- Muscovy. --- Russia. --- Ulus Jochi. --- geopolitics. --- history. --- military. --- power. --- state formation.

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This book analyzes the history of the Lithuanian Metrica—the chancellery books of the Lithuanian grand duke—from the formation of its books in the mid-fifteenth century until now. It reveals how the first Metrica books emerged in the second half of the fifteenth century, discussing the titles given to them in different periods in history, and explains why the Lithuanian Metrica should be considered the state archive of early Lithuania. Material hitherto unknown in academic literature about the fate of the Lithuanian Metrica at the end of the eighteenth century, in the last years of the existence of the joint Polish-Lithuanian state, is also revealed in this account. The book dedicates a great deal of attention to the history of the publication and research of the documents and books of the Lithuanian Metrica, which are now kept in Moscow, Russia, as a historical source.

Archival resources --- Archives --- History. --- Litovskai︠a︡ metrika --- Lithuania. --- Archive. --- Austria. --- Grand Duchy of Lithuania. --- Lithuanian Institute of History. --- Lithuanian Metrica. --- Moscow. --- Poland. --- Radziwiłł. --- Russia. --- Sapieha. --- Simonas Daukantas. --- State Russian Archive of Early Acts. --- Vilnius. --- books. --- chancellery documentation. --- deeds. --- diplomacy. --- files. --- historical documents. --- historiography. --- history. --- manuscripts. --- politics. --- publication history. --- research.

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It has often been claimed that Jews have a penchant for capitalism and capitalist economic activity. With this book, Adam Teller challenges that assumption. Examining how Jews achieved their extraordinary success within the late feudal economy of the eighteenth-century Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, he shows that economic success did not necessarily come through any innate entrepreneurial skills, but through identifying and exploiting economic niches in the pre-modern economy—in particular, the monopoly on the sale of grain alcohol. Jewish economic activity was a key factor in the development of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and it greatly enhanced the incomes, and thereby the social and political status, of the noble magnates, including the powerful Radziwiłł family. In turn, with the magnate's backing, Jews were able to leverage their own economic success into high status in estate society. Over time, relations within Jewish society began to change, putting less value on learning and pedigree and more on wealth and connections with the estate owners. This groundbreaking book exemplifies how the study of Jewish economic history can shed light on a crucial mechanism of Jewish social integration. In the Polish-Lithuanian setting, Jews were simultaneously a despised religious minority and key economic players, with a consequent standing that few could afford to ignore.

Jews --- Latifundio --- History --- Economic conditions --- Radziwill family. --- Lithuania --- Lithuania (Grand Duchy) --- Ethnic relations --- Latifundium --- Haciendas --- Land tenure --- Hebrews --- Israelites --- Jewish people --- Jewry --- Judaic people --- Judaists --- Ethnology --- Religious adherents --- Semites --- Judaism --- Lietuvos Didžioji kunigaikštystė --- LDK --- Velikoe kni︠a︡zhestvo litovskoe --- Wielkie księstwo litewskie --- Velyke kni︠a︡zivstvo lytovsʹke --- VKL --- Lithuanian-Ruthenian State --- Grand Duchy of Lithuania --- Litovsko-Russkoe gosudarstvo --- Poland --- Leedu Nõukogude Sotsialistlik Vabariik --- Lietuva --- Lietuvos Respublika --- Lietuvos T.S.R. --- Lietuvos TSR --- Liṭa --- Liṭe --- Lithuanian S.S.R. --- Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic --- Lithuanian SSR --- Litovska SSR --- Litovskai︠a︡ Sovetskai︠a︡ Sot︠s︡ialisticheskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Litovskai︠a︡ SSR --- Litovskaya S.S.R. --- Litovskaya Sovetskaya Sot︠s︡ialisticheskaya Respublika --- Litovskaya SSR --- Lituania --- Lituanie --- Litva --- Litwa --- Republic of Lithuania --- Литва --- 立陶宛 --- Litaowan --- Lithuanie --- Litauen --- Litvánia --- リトアニア共和国 --- Ritoania Kyōwakoku --- リトアニア --- Ritoania --- 리투아니아 --- Litvanya --- Ostland --- Велике князівство литовське

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This vivid and moving memoir describes the survival of a Jewish child in the hell of Nazi occupied Poland. Rubin Katz was born in Ostrowiec Świętokrzyskie, Poland, in 1931. This town, located in the picturesque countryside of central Poland 42 miles south of Radom, had in 1931 a population of nearly 30,000, of whom more than a third were Jews. The persistence of traditional ways of life and the importance of the local hasidic rebbe, Yechiel-Meier (Halevi) Halsztok, as well as the introduction of such modernities as bubble gum, are clearly and effectively described here. This memoir is remarkable for the ability of its author to recall so many events in detail and for the way he is able to be fair to all those caught up in the tragic dilemmas of those years. It is a major contribution to our understanding of the fate of Jews in smaller Polish towns during the Second World War and the conditions which made it possible for some of them, like Rubin, to survive.

Jews --- Katz, Rubin, --- Katz, Rubin. --- Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) --- Jewish children in the Holocaust --- Enfants juifs pendant l'Holocauste --- BIOGRAPHY & AUTOBIOGRAPHY --- Jewish children in the Holocaust. --- Personal Memoirs. --- 1939-1945 --- Poland. --- Poland --- World War II Period --- A' Phòlainn --- An Pholainn --- Borandi --- Bu̇gėdė Naĭramdakha Polʹsho Ulas --- Būland --- Būlūniy --- Bupolska --- Bupoolo --- Commonwealth of Poland --- Congress Kingdom of Poland --- Congress Poland --- Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania --- General Government for Occupied Polish Territories --- Gweriniaeth Gwlad Pwyl --- Gwlad Pwyl --- IPoland --- IPolandi --- Kingdom of Poland --- Kongresówka --- Królestwo Kongresowe Polskie --- Królestwo Polskie --- Kunngiitsuuffik Poleni --- Lahistān --- Lehastan --- Lehastani Hanrapetutʻyun --- Lengyel Köztársaság --- Lengyelország --- Lenkija --- Lenkijos Respublika --- Lýðveldið Pólland --- P.N.R. --- P.R.L. --- Pho-lân --- Pho-lân Kiōng-hô-kok --- Pholainn --- Pholynn --- PNR --- Pô-làn --- Poalen --- Pobblaght ny Polynn --- Poblachd na Pòlainn --- Poblacht na Polainne --- Poin --- Polaki --- Polaland --- Polandia --- Pōlani --- Pole --- Polen --- Poleni --- Polija --- Polijas Republika --- Polin --- Polisce Cynewise --- Polish Commonwealth --- Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth --- Polish People's Republic --- Polish Republic --- Poljska --- Pólland --- Pollando --- P'olland --- Pologne --- Polóña --- Poloni --- Polonia --- Poloniako Errepublika --- Polonie --- Polonya --- Polonyah --- Polonye --- Poloonya --- Polòy --- Polşa --- Polşa Respublikası --- Polsca --- Polʹsha --- Polʹsha Mastor --- Polʹshæ --- Polʹshæĭy Respublikæ --- Polʹshcha --- Polsh --- Polʹshin Orn --- Polʹsho --- Polska --- Polská republika --- Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa --- Polʹskai͡a Narodnai͡a Respublika --- Polskas --- Polsko --- Pòlskô Repùblika --- Pol'šu --- Poola --- Poola Vabariik --- Poyln --- Ppolsŭkka --- PRL --- Pulandia --- Pulógna --- Puluña --- Puoleja --- Puolejis Republika --- Repubblica di Polonia --- Republic of Poland --- República de Polonia --- Republica de Polsca --- Republiek van Pole --- Republik Pole --- Republik Polen --- Republika Poljska --- Republika Polsha --- Republiḳat Polin --- Republikken Polen --- République de Pologne --- République populaire de Pologne --- Repúbrica de Poloña --- Rėspublika Polʹshcha --- Respubliko Pollando --- Ripablik kya Bupoolo --- Ripublik Pulandia --- Ripublika Puluña --- Rzeczpospolita Polska --- Tavakuairetã Polóña --- T͡Sarstvo Polʹskoe --- Warsaw (Duchy) --- Yn Pholynn --- Europe

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This book considers Łódź as the capital of the Polish nineteenth century industry, and discusses the history of this former textile hub, which now finds itself in central Poland, as one of the cities struggling with modern change in Eastern Europe. The authors boldly challenge the romantic and noble-based Polish cultural imaginary, offering instead a revolutionary path to understanding confrontation with modernity in the region. The book examines local press debates during four pivotal periods, each of which stimulated self-reflection on the idea of the modern city: Rapid industrial growth in the tsarist borderlands; State crafting after WWI; Socialist restructuring after 1945; Transition and deindustrialization after 1989. Together these insights constitute a multifaceted portrait of twentieth-century urban experience beyond the metropolis, in different historical contexts. This innovative, interdisciplinary work deftly integrates urban and cultural history, historical sociology and discourse research. It will be of great value to Polish and Jewish studies specialists, as well as those in the field of Eastern European and Slavic studies. The book also addresses core intellectual debates within urban studies, modernity studies, and historical discourse analysis worldwide. --

Industries --- Industrial production --- Industry --- Economics --- History --- Łódź (Poland) --- Lodzsh (Poland) --- Litzmannstadt (Poland) --- Litsmanshṭaṭ (Poland) --- לודז׳ --- E-books --- Industries, Primitive --- Industries. --- 1900-1999 --- Poland --- 1939-1945 --- A' Phòlainn --- An Pholainn --- Borandi --- Bu̇gėdė Naĭramdakha Polʹsho Ulas --- Būland --- Būlūniy --- Bupolska --- Bupoolo --- Commonwealth of Poland --- Congress Kingdom of Poland --- Congress Poland --- Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania --- General Government for Occupied Polish Territories --- Gweriniaeth Gwlad Pwyl --- Gwlad Pwyl --- IPoland --- IPolandi --- Kingdom of Poland --- Kongresówka --- Królestwo Kongresowe Polskie --- Królestwo Polskie --- Kunngiitsuuffik Poleni --- Lahistān --- Lehastan --- Lehastani Hanrapetutʻyun --- Lengyel Köztársaság --- Lengyelország --- Lenkija --- Lenkijos Respublika --- Lýðveldið Pólland --- P.N.R. --- P.R.L. --- Pho-lân --- Pho-lân Kiōng-hô-kok --- Pholainn --- Pholynn --- PNR --- Pô-làn --- Poalen --- Pobblaght ny Polynn --- Poblachd na Pòlainn --- Poblacht na Polainne --- Poin --- Polaki --- Polaland --- Polandia --- Pōlani --- Pole --- Polen --- Poleni --- Polija --- Polijas Republika --- Polin --- Polisce Cynewise --- Polish Commonwealth --- Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth --- Polish People's Republic --- Polish Republic --- Poljska --- Pólland --- Pollando --- P'olland --- Pologne --- Polóña --- Poloni --- Polonia --- Poloniako Errepublika --- Polonie --- Polonya --- Polonyah --- Polonye --- Poloonya --- Polòy --- Polşa --- Polşa Respublikası --- Polsca --- Polʹsha --- Polʹsha Mastor --- Polʹshæ --- Polʹshæĭy Respublikæ --- Polʹshcha --- Polsh --- Polʹshin Orn --- Polʹsho --- Polska --- Polská republika --- Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa --- Polʹskai͡a Narodnai͡a Respublika --- Polskas --- Polsko --- Pòlskô Repùblika --- Pol'šu --- Poola --- Poola Vabariik --- Poyln --- Ppolsŭkka --- PRL --- Pulandia --- Pulógna --- Puluña --- Puoleja --- Puolejis Republika --- Repubblica di Polonia --- Republic of Poland --- República de Polonia --- Republica de Polsca --- Republiek van Pole --- Republik Pole --- Republik Polen --- Republika Poljska --- Republika Polsha --- Republiḳat Polin --- Republikken Polen --- République de Pologne --- République populaire de Pologne --- Repúbrica de Poloña --- Rėspublika Polʹshcha --- Respubliko Pollando --- Ripablik kya Bupoolo --- Ripublik Pulandia --- Ripublika Puluña --- Rzeczpospolita Polska --- Tavakuairetã Polóña --- T͡Sarstvo Polʹskoe --- Warsaw (Duchy) --- Yn Pholynn --- Europe