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Although 30% of the healthy human population is colonized with various Staphylococcus species, some staphylococcal strains, referred to as opportunistic pathogens, can cause minor to life-threatening diseases. The pathogenicity of these bacteria depends on their virulence factors and the robustness of the regulatory networks expressing these virulence factors. Virulence factors of pathogenic Staphylococcus spp. consist of numerous toxins, enterotoxins (some of which act as superantigens), enzymes, and proteins (cytoplasmic, extracellular, and surface) that are regulated by two-component (TC) and quorum-sensing (QS) regulatory networks. To enter this niche, some other Staphylococcus species, such as Staphylococcus simulans, produce a potent endopeptidase called lysostaphin, which can inhibit the growth of pathogenic S. aureus. Some other Staphylococcus species produce autolysins and cationic peptides to win the intra- and inter-species competition. The outcome of this microbial invasion depends not only on pathogenic factors but also on the host’s internal and external defense mechanisms, including a healthy skin microbiome. A healthy skin microbiome population can prevent colonization by other major pathogens. As normal host microflora, these commensals establish a complex relationship with the host as well as the surrounding microbial communities. This Special Issue of Microorganisms is focused on studies and recent advancements in our understanding of staphylococcal virulence mechanisms that enable Staphylococcus spp. either to successfully establish themselves as a colonizer or to overcome the host’s defense system to cause infection along with our effort to make an anti-staphylococcal vaccine.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- biofilm --- MRSA --- silver ion --- silver sulfadiazine --- wound infections --- Staphylococcus aureus --- methicillin resistance --- human infection --- CC130 --- biomaterials --- medical devices --- HL-60 cells --- PMNs --- endotracheal tube --- titanium --- implantable devices --- nosocomial diseases --- Staphylococcus lugdunensis --- sortase A --- surface proteins --- LPXTG --- small colony variants --- influenza virus --- super-infection --- pro-inflammatory response --- rural Ghana --- molecular epidemiology --- chronic wounds --- invasive disease --- surgery-associated infection --- sepsis --- SA4Ag vaccine --- conjugated polysaccharide --- ClfA --- MntC --- protection --- animal models --- phase variation --- Staphylococcus epidermidis --- microbiota --- multidrug resistance --- genome sequencing --- phylogenetic analyses --- arthroplasty surgery --- methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) --- community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) --- CA-MRSA strain USA300 --- murine skin infection model --- dermatopathology --- dermonecrosis --- neutrophil --- host antibacterial response --- cytokine --- chemokine --- physiology --- metabolism --- carbon catabolite repression --- CcpA --- HPr --- colonization --- mouse --- JSNZ --- aurintricarboxylic acid --- ATA --- adhesion inhibitor --- mupirocin --- nose --- superantigen --- mastitis --- food intoxication --- regulation --- sec variants --- CM lipids --- daptomycin resistance --- resensitization --- n/a

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Although 30% of the healthy human population is colonized with various Staphylococcus species, some staphylococcal strains, referred to as opportunistic pathogens, can cause minor to life-threatening diseases. The pathogenicity of these bacteria depends on their virulence factors and the robustness of the regulatory networks expressing these virulence factors. Virulence factors of pathogenic Staphylococcus spp. consist of numerous toxins, enterotoxins (some of which act as superantigens), enzymes, and proteins (cytoplasmic, extracellular, and surface) that are regulated by two-component (TC) and quorum-sensing (QS) regulatory networks. To enter this niche, some other Staphylococcus species, such as Staphylococcus simulans, produce a potent endopeptidase called lysostaphin, which can inhibit the growth of pathogenic S. aureus. Some other Staphylococcus species produce autolysins and cationic peptides to win the intra- and inter-species competition. The outcome of this microbial invasion depends not only on pathogenic factors but also on the host’s internal and external defense mechanisms, including a healthy skin microbiome. A healthy skin microbiome population can prevent colonization by other major pathogens. As normal host microflora, these commensals establish a complex relationship with the host as well as the surrounding microbial communities. This Special Issue of Microorganisms is focused on studies and recent advancements in our understanding of staphylococcal virulence mechanisms that enable Staphylococcus spp. either to successfully establish themselves as a colonizer or to overcome the host’s defense system to cause infection along with our effort to make an anti-staphylococcal vaccine.

biofilm --- MRSA --- silver ion --- silver sulfadiazine --- wound infections --- Staphylococcus aureus --- methicillin resistance --- human infection --- CC130 --- biomaterials --- medical devices --- HL-60 cells --- PMNs --- endotracheal tube --- titanium --- implantable devices --- nosocomial diseases --- Staphylococcus lugdunensis --- sortase A --- surface proteins --- LPXTG --- small colony variants --- influenza virus --- super-infection --- pro-inflammatory response --- rural Ghana --- molecular epidemiology --- chronic wounds --- invasive disease --- surgery-associated infection --- sepsis --- SA4Ag vaccine --- conjugated polysaccharide --- ClfA --- MntC --- protection --- animal models --- phase variation --- Staphylococcus epidermidis --- microbiota --- multidrug resistance --- genome sequencing --- phylogenetic analyses --- arthroplasty surgery --- methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) --- community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) --- CA-MRSA strain USA300 --- murine skin infection model --- dermatopathology --- dermonecrosis --- neutrophil --- host antibacterial response --- cytokine --- chemokine --- physiology --- metabolism --- carbon catabolite repression --- CcpA --- HPr --- colonization --- mouse --- JSNZ --- aurintricarboxylic acid --- ATA --- adhesion inhibitor --- mupirocin --- nose --- superantigen --- mastitis --- food intoxication --- regulation --- sec variants --- CM lipids --- daptomycin resistance --- resensitization --- n/a

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57.065 --- 57.065 Phylogenetic classification systems --- Phylogenetic classification systems --- Biologie --- Analyse cladistique --- Phylogenese --- Classification --- animals --- plants --- classification --- Phylogeny --- taxonomy --- Identification --- identification --- Biology --- Cladistic analysis --- Phylogenèse --- classification. --- identification. --- Sciences naturelles --- Analyse cladistique. --- Classification. --- Biologie - Classification --- Acqui 2006 --- CLADISTICS --- PHYLOGENY --- MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS --- TEACHING MATERIALS --- CLASSIFICATION --- NATURAL HISTORY --- TEXTBOOKS --- Cladism --- Cladistic method --- Cladistic taxonomy --- Cladistics --- Cladograms --- Phylogenetic systematics --- Phylogenetic taxonomy --- Taxonomy, Cladistic --- Taxonomy, Phylogenetic --- Branching processes --- Phylogenomics --- Community Phylogenetics --- Molecular Phylogenetics --- Phylogenetic Analyses --- Phylogenetic Analysis --- Phylogenetic Clustering --- Phylogenetic Comparative Analysis --- Phylogenetic Comparative Methods --- Phylogenetic Distance --- Phylogenetic Generalized Least Squares --- Phylogenetic Groups --- Phylogenetic Incongruence --- Phylogenetic Inference --- Phylogenetic Networks --- Phylogenetic Reconstruction --- Phylogenetic Relatedness --- Phylogenetic Relationships --- Phylogenetic Signal --- Phylogenetic Structure --- Phylogenetic Tree --- Phylogenetic Trees --- Analyse, Phylogenetic --- Analysis, Phylogenetic --- Analysis, Phylogenetic Comparative --- Clustering, Phylogenetic --- Community Phylogenetic --- Comparative Analysis, Phylogenetic --- Comparative Method, Phylogenetic --- Distance, Phylogenetic --- Group, Phylogenetic --- Incongruence, Phylogenetic --- Inference, Phylogenetic --- Method, Phylogenetic Comparative --- Molecular Phylogenetic --- Network, Phylogenetic --- Phylogenetic Analyse --- Phylogenetic Clusterings --- Phylogenetic Comparative Analyses --- Phylogenetic Comparative Method --- Phylogenetic Distances --- Phylogenetic Group --- Phylogenetic Incongruences --- Phylogenetic Inferences --- Phylogenetic Network --- Phylogenetic Reconstructions --- Phylogenetic Relatednesses --- Phylogenetic Relationship --- Phylogenetic Signals --- Phylogenetic Structures --- Phylogenetic, Community --- Phylogenetic, Molecular --- Phylogenies --- Phylogenomic --- Reconstruction, Phylogenetic --- Relatedness, Phylogenetic --- Relationship, Phylogenetic --- Signal, Phylogenetic --- Structure, Phylogenetic --- Tree, Phylogenetic --- Phylogeography --- Animal phylogeny --- Animals --- Phylogenetics --- Phylogeny (Zoology) --- Evolution (Biology) --- Biosystematics --- Organisms --- Systematic biology --- Systematics (Biology) --- Taxonomy (Biology) --- Taxonomists --- Natural history --- Plants --- Plantes --- animals. --- plants. --- Phylogeny. --- taxonomy. --- Cladistic analysis.

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The Phylogentic Handbook is a broad introduction to the theory and practice of nucleotide and amino acid phylogenetic analysis. As a unique feature of this book, each chapter contains an extensive practical section, in which step-by-step exercises on real data sets introduce the reader to the most widely-used phylogeny software including CLUSTAL, PHYLIP, PAUP*, DAMBE, TREE-PUZZLE, TREECON, SplitsTree, TreeView, SimPlot, and BOOTSCANNING. Chapters 1-10 provide a strong background in basic topics such as the use of sequence databases, alignment algorithms, tree-building methods, estimation of genetic distances, and testing models of evolution. Additional chapters briefly survey special topics in evolution, for example modelling evolution with networks, studying recombination, testing for positive selection, and methods in population genetics. The book will be an invaluable resource for advanced level undergraduate and graduate students, as well as for professionals working in the fields of molecular biology and evolution.

Systematics. Taxonomy. Nomenclature --- Evolution. Phylogeny --- Analyse cladistique --- Acide aminé --- Phylogénie --- Valeur génétique --- breeding value --- Amino Acid Sequence. --- 575.852 --- 577.212.3 --- -Proteins --- Deoxyribonucleic acid --- Desoxyribonucleic acid --- Thymonucleic acid --- TNA (Nucleic acid) --- Deoxyribose --- Cladism --- Cladistic method --- Cladistic taxonomy --- Cladistics --- Cladograms --- Phylogenetic systematics --- Phylogenetic taxonomy --- Taxonomy, Cladistic --- Taxonomy, Phylogenetic --- Branching processes --- Amino Acid Sequences --- Sequence, Amino Acid --- Sequences, Amino Acid --- Protein Structure, Primary --- Primary Protein Structure --- Primary Protein Structures --- Protein Structures, Primary --- Structure, Primary Protein --- Structures, Primary Protein --- Phylogenies --- Phylogeography --- Biomacromolecules. Molecular evolution --- Nucleic acid base and sequence compositon. Experimental deciphering of genetic code. --- 577.212.3 Nucleic acid base and sequence compositon. Experimental deciphering of genetic code. --- 575.852 Biomacromolecules. Molecular evolution --- DNA phylogeny --- Cladistic analysis --- DNA --- Proteins --- Amino Acid Sequence --- Phylogeny --- Academic collection --- 575.86 --- 577.112 --- Classification --- Peptides --- Proteids --- Biomolecules --- Polypeptides --- Proteomics --- Nucleic acids --- Genes --- Biology --- 577.112 Proteins --- 575.86 Origin of groups of organisms (taxa). Phylogeny --- Origin of groups of organisms (taxa). Phylogeny --- Analysis --- analysis --- Nucleic acid base and sequence compositon. Experimental deciphering of genetic code --- Phylogenomics --- Phylogenomic --- Amino acids --- Évolution --- evolution --- taxonomy --- Identification --- identification --- computer applications --- Computer software --- ADN --- Protéines --- Handbooks, manuals, etc. --- Analyse --- Guides, manuels, etc. --- evolution. --- identification. --- Community Phylogenetics --- Molecular Phylogenetics --- Phylogenetic Analyses --- Phylogenetic Analysis --- Phylogenetic Clustering --- Phylogenetic Comparative Analysis --- Phylogenetic Comparative Methods --- Phylogenetic Distance --- Phylogenetic Generalized Least Squares --- Phylogenetic Groups --- Phylogenetic Incongruence --- Phylogenetic Inference --- Phylogenetic Networks --- Phylogenetic Reconstruction --- Phylogenetic Relatedness --- Phylogenetic Relationships --- Phylogenetic Signal --- Phylogenetic Structure --- Phylogenetic Tree --- Phylogenetic Trees --- Analyse, Phylogenetic --- Analysis, Phylogenetic --- Analysis, Phylogenetic Comparative --- Clustering, Phylogenetic --- Community Phylogenetic --- Comparative Analysis, Phylogenetic --- Comparative Method, Phylogenetic --- Distance, Phylogenetic --- Group, Phylogenetic --- Incongruence, Phylogenetic --- Inference, Phylogenetic --- Method, Phylogenetic Comparative --- Molecular Phylogenetic --- Network, Phylogenetic --- Phylogenetic Analyse --- Phylogenetic Clusterings --- Phylogenetic Comparative Analyses --- Phylogenetic Comparative Method --- Phylogenetic Distances --- Phylogenetic Group --- Phylogenetic Incongruences --- Phylogenetic Inferences --- Phylogenetic Network --- Phylogenetic Reconstructions --- Phylogenetic Relatednesses --- Phylogenetic Relationship --- Phylogenetic Signals --- Phylogenetic Structures --- Phylogenetic, Community --- Phylogenetic, Molecular --- Reconstruction, Phylogenetic --- Relatedness, Phylogenetic --- Relationship, Phylogenetic --- Signal, Phylogenetic --- Structure, Phylogenetic --- Tree, Phylogenetic --- DNA - Analysis - Handbooks, manuals, etc. --- Proteins - Analysis - Handbooks, manuals, etc. --- Cladistic analysis - Handbooks, manuals, etc. --- Clustal --- Phylip --- Paup --- Dambe --- Tree-puzzle --- Trecon --- Splittree --- Treview --- Megaz --- Palm --- Simplot --- PROTEINS --- CLADISTIC ANALYSIS --- HANDBOOKS --- ANALYSIS