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Clandestine literature was published in all countries under Nazi occupation, but nowhere else did it flourish as it did in the Netherlands. This raises important questions: What was the content of this literature? What were the risks of writing, printing, selling, and buying it? And why the Netherlands? Traditionally, the combative Dutch 'spirit of resistance' has been cited, a reaction not only to German oppression but to German propaganda: while the Germans hoped to build bonds with their 'Germanic' Dutch 'brothers,' clandestine literature insisted on their incompatibility. However, when reading clandestine literature, one should not forget that this 'spirit of resistance' came rather late and did not prevent the transportation of seventy-three percent of the Netherlands' Jewish population to Nazi death camps - the largest percentage in Western Europe. The Dutch case is complex: while the country proved to be remarkably resistant to Nazi propaganda, little was done to prevent the actual execution of Nazi policies. The complete story of Dutch clandestine literature therefore combines resistance and complicity, victory and defeat, pride and shame. Jeroen Dewulf is Queen Beatrix Professor of Dutch Studies in the Department of German at the University of California, Berkeley.

History of the Netherlands --- Journalism --- Dutch literature --- anno 1940-1949 --- Anti-fascist movements in literature. --- Underground literature --- World War, 1939-1945 --- History and criticism. --- Literature and the war. --- Underground movements --- Anti-fascist movements in literature --- History and criticism --- Literature and the war --- Littérature et propagande --- Guerre mondiale (1939-1945) --- Littérature néerlandaise --- Mouvements de résistance --- Littérature et guerre --- Littérature clandestine --- Histoire et critique --- Pays-Bas --- 094:839.3 --- 098.1 --- 070.13 --- 839.3 "19" --- 329.18 --- Oude en merkwaardige drukken. Kostbare en zeldzame boeken. Preciosa en rariora-:-Nederlandse literatuur --- Verboden boeken --- Persvrijheid. Perscensuur. Wettelijk kader van de pers--z.o.{351.751} --- Nederlandse literatuur--20e eeuw. Periode 1900-1999 --- Fascisme. Rechtsextremisme. Rechtsradicale partijen --- 329.18 Fascisme. Rechtsextremisme. Rechtsradicale partijen --- 839.3 "19" Nederlandse literatuur--20e eeuw. Periode 1900-1999 --- 070.13 Persvrijheid. Perscensuur. Wettelijk kader van de pers--z.o.{351.751} --- 098.1 Verboden boeken --- 094:839.3 Oude en merkwaardige drukken. Kostbare en zeldzame boeken. Preciosa en rariora-:-Nederlandse literatuur --- European War, 1939-1945 --- Second World War, 1939-1945 --- World War 2, 1939-1945 --- World War II, 1939-1945 --- World War Two, 1939-1945 --- WW II (World War, 1939-1945) --- WWII (World War, 1939-1945) --- History, Modern --- Clandestine literature --- Illegal literature --- Literature, Underground --- Literature --- Littérature et guerre. --- Histoire et critique. --- Underground literature - Netherlands - History and criticism --- World War, 1939-1945 - Underground literature - Netherlands --- World War, 1939-1945 - Netherlands - Literature and the war --- World War, 1939-1945 - Underground movements - Netherlands