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Identité sexuelle --- Couples homosexuels --- Hétérosexualité --- Couple --- Relations hommes-femmes --- identité sexuelle --- couples homosexuels --- hétérosexualité --- couple --- relations hommes-femmes

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Ce mémoire porte sur les stéréotypes liés au sexe chez les adolescents. Ces stéréotypes sont particulièrement prééminents dans notre société, et ils sont encore exacerbés à l'adolescence : celle-ci est en effet une période-clé de la construction identitaire, et notamment de la construction de l'identité sexuée. Les outils à la portée des adolescents pour cette construction peuvent être les stéréotypes sexués, de par leur présence permanente, implicite ou explicite, et de par la difficulté des adolescents à s'écarter des normes du groupe de pairs. Nous étudions également l'estime de soi chez les adolescents, dans une approche multidimensionnelle. Cette variable revêt une importance forte dans de nombreux mécanismes psychologiques, et l'intérêt de considérer plusieurs domaines de la perception de soi est de plus en plus évident. Notre recherche consiste à mettre en parallèle l'estime de soi dans différents domaines (compétence athlétique, apparence physique, compétence scolaire...) avec les stéréotypes de genre liés à ces mêmes domaines, afin d'investiguer les liens entre stéréotypes sexués et estime de soi. D'un point de vue méthodologique, nous avons récolté nos données via des questionnaires. Afin d'évaluer l'estime de soi, nous employons la version francophone du Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents de Harter. En ce qui concerne les stéréotypes de genre, nous avons créé un questionnaire pour les besoins de ce mémoire, en nous inspirant de la méthodologie de Oswald et Lindstedt dans leur article « The Content and Function of Gender Self-Stereotypes ». Nous basons l'analyse de nos résultats sur différentes références théoriques, comme l'article « Gender differences in domain-specific self-esteem : a meta-analysis » de Gentile et ses collaborateurs, mais aussi des travaux d'auteurs variés, comme Bouffard, Seidah, Carnino, Gavray, Duru-Bellat... Les résultats de cette recherche confirment les données de la littérature, mais apportent aussi, nous l'espérons, quelques données supplémentaires et un éclairage nouveau.

Adolescents --- Estime de soi --- Stéréotype (psychologie) --- Identité (psychologie) chez l'adolescent --- Perception de soi --- Identité sexuelle --- Sciences sociales & comportementales, psychologie > Traitement & psychologie clinique

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The aim of this book is to track a distinct human phenomenon in the history of the ancient Near East: persons who were born males, but under various social and historical circumstances their masculine identity was considered to be ambiguous. On the basis of this, these persons can be classified as belonging to a third gender They bore specific titles, and were engaged in cult or palace administration. The contexts of their documentation occasionally depict them as possessing or exhibiting traits that were uncharacteristic of the standard social expectations of men in Mesopotamia. The terms that describe these persons were grouped in numerous lexical lists, which supply us with the frame and boundaries of the present research. To a lesser extent, the grouping of these persons is apparent in narrative and literary compositions. The most notable of these titles were gala / kalû, assinnu, kurgarrû and lú-sag / ša rēši. Other similar titles that were documented less frequently were kulu'u, girseqû, tīru, SAG-UR-SAG, pilpilû, nāš pilaqqi, sinnišānu and parû. Their sexual and gender ambiguity was realized in numerous and diverse manners. Occasionally, it bore a clear physiological form, in the shape of castration; sometimes its attributes were external, such as cross-dressing; In other cases, it became apparent through typically feminine behavioral patterns, such as dancing, singing or lamenting. Last but not least, lack of procreativity constituted another form of gender ambiguity, as it contradicted one of the most important gender functionalities of people in the ancient Near East: the siring of offspring. Hence, the common denominator of all these figures appears to have been flawed manliness. Effeminacy was not necessarily the key factor in this case, as some of these figures seem to have been rather masculine. It was sufficient that these persons deviated enough from the customary model of ancient Near Eastern masculinity, in order to be considered as part of this third gender class. The concepts of social "otherness" are essential for demarcating social borders, which, in turn, define patterns of normative social conduct. The present research demonstrated that this human phenomenon of a third gender in the ancient Near East involved mainly the matter of social definitions. Social identity is defined by its limitations: where it begins and ends, and what exists beyond it. The strange, the extreme and the bizarre signify what common, hegemonic, people are not, and therefore mark who common, hegemonic, people actually are. These boundaries are constructed by using social mechanisms of norms and prohibitions. In this sense, the third gender figures were socially constructed, and served social needs of defining norms of conformity.

Extinct languages --- Language and sex --- Sex --- Gender identity --- Sex role --- Masculinity --- Langues mortes --- Langage et sexualité --- Sexualité --- Identité sexuelle --- Rôle selon le sexe --- Masculinité --- Sex differences --- History --- Différences entre sexes --- Histoire --- History. --- Langage et sexualité --- Sexualité --- Identité sexuelle --- Rôle selon le sexe --- Masculinité --- Différences entre sexes --- History / Asia --- Social Science / Gender Studies --- Literary Collections / Ancient & Classical --- Philosophy / History & Surveys

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Begeerte in de literatuur --- Desire in literature --- Désir dans la littérature --- Gender identity in literature --- Geslachtsidentiteit in de literatuur --- Identité sexuelle dans la littérature --- Seksualiteit in de literatuur --- Sex in literature --- Sexe dans la littérature --- American fiction --- Women and literature --- Love stories, American --- Masculinity in literature. --- Desire in literature. --- Women in literature. --- Sex in literature. --- Roman américain --- Femmes et littérature --- Histoires d'amour américaines --- Masculinité dans la littérature --- Femmes dans la littérature --- Sexualité dans la littérature --- Women authors --- History and criticism. --- History --- Femmes écrivains --- Histoire et critique --- Histoire --- Masculinity in literature --- Women in literature --- History and criticism --- -American fiction --- -Desire in literature --- Romance fiction, American --- Woman (Christian theology) in literature --- Women in drama --- Women in poetry --- Masculinity (Psychology) in literature --- American romance fiction --- American literature --- -History and criticism --- Roman américain --- Femmes et littérature --- Histoires d'amour américaines --- Masculinité dans la littérature --- Désir dans la littérature --- Femmes dans la littérature --- Sexualité dans la littérature --- Femmes écrivains --- Women authors&delete& --- Feminist literature --- 20th century --- American fiction - Women authors - History and criticism --- American fiction - 20th century - History and criticism --- Love stories, American - History and criticism --- Desir dans la litterature --- Femmes ecrivains