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Infinite regress arguments are part of a philosopher's tool kit of argumentation. But how sharp or strong is this tool? How effectively is it used? The typical presentation of infinite regress arguments throughout history is so succinct and has so many gaps that it is often unclear how an infinite regress is derived, and why an infinite regress is logically problematic, and as a result, it is often difficult to evaluate infinite regress arguments. These consequences of our customary way of using this tool indicate that there is a need for a theory to re-orient our practice. My general approach to contribute to such a theory, consists of collecting and evaluating as many infinite regress arguments as possible, comparing and contrasting many of the formal and non-formal properties, looking for recurring patterns, and identifying the properties that appeared essential to those patterns. Two very general questions guided this work: (1) How are infinite regresses generated in infinite regress arguments? (2) How do infinite regresses logically function as premises in an argument? In answering these questions I clarify the notion of an infinite regress; identify different logical forms of infinite regresses; describe different kinds of infinite regress arguments; distinguish the rhetoric from the logic in infinite regress arguments; and suggest ways of improving our discussion and our practice of constructing and evaluating these arguments.

Philosophy. --- Logic. --- Metaphysics. --- Epistemology. --- Philosophy of Religion. --- Philosophy (General). --- Genetic epistemology. --- Epistémologie génétique --- Logique --- Métaphysique --- Philosophie --- Infinite regress.

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The nature of scientific explanation has been an important topic in philosophy of science for many years. This book highlights some of the conceptual problems that still need to be solved and points out a number of fresh philosophical ideas to explore. Anyone interested in causal and probabilistic explanation, explanation-seeking questions and contrastive explanations, inference to the best explanation, or explanations within the special sciences should find something of interest in this book.

epistomologie --- epistemologists --- Philosophy of science --- Theory of knowledge --- kennisleer --- Pure sciences. Natural sciences (general) --- Explanation. --- Science --- Philosophy. --- Normal science --- Explanation (Philosophy) --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Verklaring. --- Genetic epistemology. --- Philosophy of Science. --- Epistemology. --- Developmental psychology --- Philosophy and science. --- Epistemology --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- Science and philosophy --- Explanation

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Artworks potentially convey two kinds of knowledge. They obviously afford knowledge of art itself, and they also afford general empirical knowledge, especially knowledge of human psychology and value. Knowing Art collects ten original essays written by leading philosophers who distill and build upon recent work at the intersection of aesthetics and epistemology. Specific topics addressed include the objectivity of critical knowledge, the quality of critical testimony, the roles of principles and perception in critical reasoning, phenomenal knowledge of what a work of art is like, the acquisition of factual information and psychological understanding from fictions, and the limits of images as sources of historical evidence. In addressing these topics, the volume also explores the challenges that art poses for theories of knowledge as well as the challenges that artistic knowledge poses to traditional views about art.

ethiek --- Theory of knowledge --- kennisleer --- kunst --- epistomologie --- General ethics --- Aesthetics --- esthetica --- epistemologists --- Art --- aesthetics --- Aesthetics. --- Knowledge, Theory of. --- Beautiful, The --- Beauty --- Esthetics --- Taste (Aesthetics) --- Philosophy --- Criticism --- Literature --- Proportion --- Symmetry --- Psychology --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Epistemology --- Genetic epistemology. --- Ethics. --- Arts. --- Epistemology. --- Arts, Fine --- Arts, Occidental --- Arts, Western --- Fine arts --- Humanities --- Deontology --- Ethics, Primitive --- Ethology --- Moral philosophy --- Morality --- Morals --- Philosophy, Moral --- Science, Moral --- Values --- Developmental psychology --- Arts, Primitive --- Radio broadcasting Aesthetics

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Il dado, il filo, la chiave, l’anello, lo specchio, il bottone e la sfera sono cose semplici che incontriamo quotidianamente, ma di cui spesso ci dimentichiamo, perché la cultura contemporanea sempre più si lascia ammaliare dalla complessità dei sistemi e dalla leggerezza delle realtà virtuali. Questo saggio, facendo il controcanto alle cinque Lezioni americane di Italo Calvino, esamina come le "cose semplici" di fatto spesso dimostrino la loro importanza nella semplicità, nella lentezza, nella pesantezza, nella singolarità, nella stessa invisibilità. Ma la loro "consistenza" – questa appunto avrebbe dovuto essere la sesta Lezione – risiede appunto nel fatto che la loro forza, simbolica e reale sta proprio nel fatto che sono cose concrete, che tutti possiamo toccare, anche quando assumono un significato metaforico. I sette oggetti semplici avrebbero potuto essere accompagnati da molti altri esemplari, ma questo libro deve rimanere soprattutto uno stimolo affinché si possa ricuperare una maggiore attenzione alla concretezza delle cose, che non è solo importante quando sono riposte nelle vetrine di un museo di cultura materiale, ma perché sono parte di noi. Letteratura e tecnica, arte e filosofia, musica e cronaca, ogni giorno dimostrano come queste "cose" siano le vere protagoniste di quella che i francesi chiamano civilization: l’Anello del Nibelungo, il Bottone di Pushkin, e il "dado brunelleschiano" sono soltanto alcuni esempi di come queste "cose" abbiano trovato un posto d’onore nella storia. E questo è un libro in cui si raccontano tante storie, come le fiabe che introducono le nostre cose, per farci entrare nel loro mondo accompagnati dalla fantasia.

Science --- Sciences --- History --- Histoire --- Science -- History. --- History & Archaeology --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- History - General --- Sciences - General --- Natural history. --- History. --- History, Natural --- Natural science --- Physiophilosophy --- Epistemology. --- Philosophy. --- Applied linguistics. --- Popular works. --- History of Science. --- Philosophy of Technology. --- Applied Linguistics. --- Popular Science, general. --- Biology --- Genetic epistemology. --- Science (General). --- Developmental psychology --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Linguistics --- Mental philosophy --- Humanities --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Epistemology --- Theory of knowledge --- Philosophy --- Psychology

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In recent years, many philosophers of modern physics came to the conclusion that the problem of how objectivity is constituted (rather than merely given) can no longer be avoided, and therefore that a transcendental approach in the spirit of Kant is now philosophically relevant. The usual excuse for skipping this task is that the historical form given by Kant to transcendental epistemology has been challenged by Relativity and Quantum Physics. However, the true challenge is not to force modern physics into a rigidly construed static version of Kant's philosophy, but to provide Kant's method with flexibility and generality. In this book, the top specialists of the field pin down the methodological core of transcendental epistemology that must be used in order to throw light on the foundations of modern physics. First, the basic tools Kant used for his transcendental reading of Newtonian Mechanics are examined, and then early transcendental approaches of Relativistic and Quantum Physics are revisited. Transcendental procedures are also applied to contemporary physics, and this renewed transcendental interpretation is finally compared with structural realism and constructive empiricism. The book will be of interest to scientists, historians and philosophers who are involved in the foundational problems of modern physics. .

kennisleer --- Pure sciences. Natural sciences (general) --- Theory of knowledge --- History of physics --- filosofie --- epistomologie --- geschiedenis --- Philosophy of science --- fysica --- wetenschapsgeschiedenis --- epistemologists --- Philosophy --- Philosophy. --- Philosophy of Science. --- Epistemology. --- History of Physics. --- History of Science. --- Modern Philosophy. --- Philosophy (General). --- Science --- Genetic epistemology. --- Philosophy, modern. --- Physics --- Sciences --- Epistémologie génétique --- Physique --- History. --- Histoire --- Philosophie --- Objectivity. --- Transcendentalism. --- Modern philosophy. --- Philosophy and science. --- Physics. --- History and Philosophical Foundations of Physics. --- Transcendental functions. --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- Functions, Transcendental --- Functions, Special --- Modern philosophy --- Developmental psychology --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Normal science --- Epistemology --- Psychology --- Science and philosophy --- Transcendantalisme --- Objectivité