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Putting Crime in its Place: Units of Analysis in Geographic Criminology focuses on the units of analysis used in geographic criminology. While crime and place studies have been a part of criminology from the early 19th century, growing interest in crime places over the last two decades demands critical reflection on the units of analysis that should form the focus of geographic analysis of crime. Should the focus be on very small units such as street addresses or street segments, or on larger aggregates such as census tracts or communities? Academic researchers, as well as practical crime analysts, are confronted routinely with the dilemma of deciding what the unit of analysis should be when reporting on trends in crime, when identifying crime hot spots or when mapping crime in cities. In place-based crime prevention, the choice of the level of aggregation plays a particularly critical role. This peer reviewed collection of essays aims to contribute to crime and place studies by making explicit the problems involved in choosing units of analysis in geographic criminology. Written by renowned experts in the field, the chapters in this book address basic academic questions, and also provide real-life examples and applications of how they are resolved in cutting-edge research. Crime analysts in police and law enforcement agencies as well as academic researchers studying the spatial distributions of crime and victimization will learn from the discussions and tools presented.

Sociology --- Demography --- Criminology. Victimology --- sociologie --- demografie --- criminologie --- Criminology. --- Demography. --- Sociology. --- Criminology and Criminal Justice, general. --- Sociology, general. --- Social theory --- Social sciences --- Historical demography --- Population --- Vital statistics --- Crime --- Criminals --- Study and teaching

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Old-age survival has considerably improved in the second half of the twentieth century. Life expectancy in wealthy countries has increased, on average, from 65 years in 1950 to 76 years in 2005. The rise was more spectacular in some countries: the life expectancy for Japanese women rose from 62 years to 86 years during the same period. Driven by this longevity extension, the population aged 80 and over in those countries has grown fivefold from 8.5 million in 1950 to 44.5 million in 2005. Why has such a substantial extension of human lifespan occurred? How long can we live? In this book, these fundamental questions are explored by experts from such diverse fields as biology, medicine, epidemiology, demography, sociology, and mathematics: they report on recent cutting-edge studies about essential issues of human longevity such as evolution of lifespan of species, genetics of human longevity, reasons for the recent improvement in survival of the elderly, medical and behavioral causes of deaths among very old people, and social factors of long survival in old age.

Demography. --- Aging. --- Geriatrics. --- Social sciences. --- Geriatrics/Gerontology. --- Social Sciences, general. --- Behavioral sciences --- Human sciences --- Sciences, Social --- Social science --- Social studies --- Civilization --- Medicine --- Gerontology --- Older people --- Age --- Ageing --- Senescence --- Developmental biology --- Longevity --- Age factors in disease --- Historical demography --- Social sciences --- Population --- Vital statistics --- Diseases --- Health and hygiene --- Physiological effect --- Demography --- Geriatrics --- demografie --- geriatrie --- gerontologie

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Introduction to Applied Bayesian Statistics and Estimation for Social Scientists covers the complete process of Bayesian statistical analysis in great detail from the development of a model through the process of making statistical inference. The key feature of this book is that it covers models that are most commonly used in social science research, including the linear regression model, generalized linear models, hierarchical models, and multivariate regression models, and it thoroughly develops each real-data example in painstaking detail. The first part of the book provides a detailed introduction to mathematical statistics and the Bayesian approach to statistics, as well as a thorough explanation of the rationale for using simulation methods to construct summaries of posterior distributions. Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods—including the Gibbs sampler and the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm—are then introduced as general methods for simulating samples from distributions. Extensive discussion of programming MCMC algorithms, monitoring their performance, and improving them is provided before turning to the larger examples involving real social science models and data. Scott M. Lynch is an associate professor in the Department of Sociology and Office of Population Research at Princeton University. His substantive research interests are in changes in racial and socioeconomic inequalities in health and mortality across age and time. His methodological interests are in the use of Bayesian stastistics in sociology and demography generally and in multistate life table methodology specifically.

Mathematical statistics --- Social sciences --- Bayesian statistical decision theory --- Sciences sociales --- Statistique bayésienne --- Statistical methods --- Méthodes statistiques --- Bayesian statistical decision theory. --- Social sciences -- Statistical methods. --- Social sciences. --- Social Sciences --- Statistics - General --- Social Sciences - General --- Statistical methods. --- Bayes' solution --- Bayesian analysis --- Statistics. --- Demography. --- Social Sciences. --- Methodology of the Social Sciences. --- Statistics for Social Science, Behavorial Science, Education, Public Policy, and Law. --- Statistics for Social Science, Behavioral Science, Education, Public Policy, and Law. --- Historical demography --- Population --- Vital statistics --- Statistical analysis --- Statistical data --- Statistical science --- Mathematics --- Econometrics --- Behavioral sciences --- Human sciences --- Sciences, Social --- Social science --- Social studies --- Civilization --- Statistical decision --- Statistics for Social Sciences, Humanities, Law. --- Methodology. --- Statistics .

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Urban and Landscape Perspectives G. Maciocco Fundamental Trends in City Development What do phenomena like sprawl, "generic city" or urban segregation have in common with the concept of city? The question is not particularly easy. It is nevertheless the inquiry this book is based on, mainly because of the bewilderment we feel when faced with these phenomena that are spread throughout the urban world and constitute a tall order for our concepts of city. Expressions like "discomposed city", "generic city" and "segregated city" refer to entities that share the loss of the city as a space of communication and social interaction and as the space of the public sphere. In order to explore what we call the city adrift, certain positions of scholars of the city are analysed, using the utopia as an analytical category and referring to three kinds - the conservative utopia, liquidatory utopia and resistant utopia - which can perhaps significantly distinguish the different positions on current spatial trends of the city and, more generally, the phenomena emerging in the urban world. This book inquires into how the city can be re-established as the space of dialogue and communication, how the spatial conditions of the public sphere can be created and the city retrieved. And what the features might be of a city retrieved and restored to its citizens. The author adopts the concept of externity as an innovative element for the project for the city, a constituent feature of all those situations traditionally considered non-functional, therefore external, to our contemporary post-cities, which are consigned to us adrift through decomposition, genericity and segregation. We thus need to try to get the city to conserve and show its past even when not visible, and to continue nurturing the imagination of its inhabitants by urban action consisting perhaps of subtly improving their approach to the "void", the "small", to the past, the territory, in general, to all those spatial concepts which are in a sense external to our cultural worlds today, but which represent the most fertile material for the project for the city. Giovanni MACIOCCO obtained a degree in Engineering in 1970 at the University of Pisa and in Architecture at the University of Florence in 1974. He is Full Professor of Town and Regional Planning, Director of the Department of Architecture and Planning and Dean of the Faculty of Architecture of the University of Sassari. He is Director of the International Laboratory on "the Environmental Project" and the "International Summer School on the Environmental Project and Territorial Planning", and PhD Supervisor for Architecture and Planning of the same Faculty. He is the editor of the book series "Metodi del territorio", published by Franco Angeli, Milan, Director of the book series "Urban and Landscape Perspectives", edited by Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York and a member of the editorial board of international magazines such as Plurimondi, Pluriverso and Territorio. His main field of research is urban and territorial space planning. Several of his architectural and urban space projects have been published in specialist books, international journals or columns. Among his recent works, the following deserve a mention: La pianificazione ambientale del paesaggio, (FrancoAngeli, 1991); Le dimensioni ambientali della pianificazione urbana, (FrancoAngeli, 1991); La città, la mente, il piano, (FrancoAngeli, 1994); La città in ombra, (FrancoAngeli, 1996); La città possibile (Dedalo, 1997) with S. Tagliagambe; Les lieux de l'eau et de la terre, (Lybra immagine, Milan, 1998); Plurimondi, An International Forum for Research and Debate on Human Settlements, Wastelands (Dedalo, 2000); Territorio e progetto. Prospettive di ricerca orientate in senso ambientale, with P. Pittaluga (FrancoAngeli, Milan, 2003); "Il progetto ambientale nelle aree di bordo", with P. Pittaluga (FrancoAngeli, 2006).

Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- Environmental planning --- Economic geography --- Geography --- landschapsarchitectuur --- ruimtelijke ordening --- steden --- landenkunde --- milieubeheer --- Cities and towns --- City planning --- 711.1 --- 711.4 --- 911.375 --- 711.4 Gemeentelijke planologie. Stadsplanning. Stedenbouw --- Gemeentelijke planologie. Stadsplanning. Stedenbouw --- 711.1 Planologische grondslagen en principes: plannen; uitvoering; ontwikkelingswijze --- Planologische grondslagen en principes: plannen; uitvoering; ontwikkelingswijze --- Civic planning --- Land use, Urban --- Model cities --- Redevelopment, Urban --- Slum clearance --- Town planning --- Urban design --- Urban development --- Urban planning --- Land use --- Planning --- Art, Municipal --- Civic improvement --- Regional planning --- Urban policy --- Urban renewal --- Growth, Urban --- Sprawl, Urban --- Urban growth --- Urban sprawl --- Migration, Internal --- Population --- Vital statistics --- Growth --- Urban settlements (their study and geography). Towns. Cities --- Government policy --- Management

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One of the most important demographic issues of our time is the increasing age of women at motherhood. This happens in the northern social democratic states Sweden and Norway, in the catholic countries Italy, Spain and Ireland, in the West European countries Netherlands and Germany, in the former socialist transition countries Czech Republic and East Germany, and in the liberal democracy of the United States. The postponement of maternity and the related issue of declining fertility rates are of major interest to policy makers and have provoked much scientific research. This book examines various economic aspects of the role of women’s education in the postponement of maternity in these ten industrialized countries. The chapters in this book each empirically investigate one of these countries using individual or household survey data and are in particular interested in the increasing age at motherhood with the investment in education of the mother. In search of socio-economic explanations for this relationship each chapter investigates a specific related research question. This results in a book that covers a wide range of topics on the economics of fertility decisions, such as career planning motives of women, consumption smoothing motives of households and the role of institutions.

sociale economie --- welzijnsbeleid --- sociaal beleid --- demografie --- Social sciences (general) --- Demography --- economie --- Economic sociology --- sociale wetenschappen --- Social policy --- Economics --- Sociology of the family. Sociology of sexuality --- Europe --- Fertility, Human --- Maternal age --- Women --- Adult education of women --- Motherhood --- Career development --- Effect of education on --- Social aspects --- Education --- Career advancement --- Career ladder --- Career management --- Career planning --- Development, Career --- Development, Professional --- Employee development --- Organizational career development --- Professional development --- Personnel management --- Vocational guidance --- Maternity --- Mothers --- Parenthood --- Mother's age at birth --- Age --- Childbirth --- Human fertility --- Natality --- Human reproduction --- Infertility --- Demography. --- Population. --- Social policy. --- Economics. --- Population Economics. --- Social Policy. --- Economics, general. --- Economic theory --- Political economy --- Social sciences --- Economic man --- National planning --- State planning --- Economic policy --- Family policy --- Social history --- Human population --- Human populations --- Population growth --- Populations, Human --- Human ecology --- Sociology --- Malthusianism --- Historical demography --- Population --- Vital statistics --- Management science. --- Quantitative business analysis --- Management --- Problem solving --- Operations research --- Statistical decision --- Geïndustrialiseerde wereld.