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Learning disabilities are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by failure to acquire, retrieve, and use information competently. These disorders have a multifactorial aetiology and are most common and severe in children, especially when comorbid with other chronic health conditions. This book provides current and comprehensive information about learning disorders, including information on neurobiology, assessment, clinical features, and treatment. Chapters cover such topics as historical research and hypotheses of learning disorders, neuropsychological assessment and counselling, characteristics of specific disorders such as autism and ADHD, evidence-based treatment strategies and assistive technologies, and much more.

Learning disabilities.

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Il volume raccoglie una serie di saggi su tre aspetti dell'inclusione nel mondo del lavoro di laureate/i con disabilità e disturbi specifici di apprendimento (DSA), dibattuti nel Convegno CNUDD tenutosi il 25 ottobre 2021. L'inclusione ben governata e accompagnata può diventare fattore di competitività delle imprese.

Learning disabilities.

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Comment les enfants apprennent-ils à lire et à écrire ? D’où proviennent les difficultés observées ? Comment les prévenir ou les enrayer ? Ces questions passionnantes et d’actualité sur le plan de la politique nationale et européenne se sont rapidement muées en sujet de polémiques. Leur mise en avant médiatique a pu laisser penser qu’il existait des ruptures au sein de la communauté scientifique. Un colloque intitulé « Approche cognitive de l’apprentissage de la langue écrite » (Rennes, octobre 2006) avait pourtant permis de montrer une cohésion et une collaboration fécondes entre les nombreux chercheurs français et étrangers qui y participaient. Suite à ce constat, nous souhaitions présenter les avancées récentes de la communauté scientifique internationale dans le domaine de l’apprentissage des procédures de lecture (de l’identification des mots à la compréhension des textes écrits) et de productions des mots écrits (du geste graphique au code orthographique). À travers cette collaboration, le lecteur découvrira que ces avancées s’articulent autour de deux grands axes de recherche qui organisent la structure de l’ouvrage : d’une part, la nature des unités linguistiques prises en compte à l’écrit et d’autre part, les traitements impliqués dans l’installation des procédures de lecture-écriture.

Children --- Learning disabilities --- Cognitive psychology --- Enfants --- Troubles de l'apprentissage --- Psychologie cognitive --- Writing --- Ecriture --- Psychology, Developmental --- éducation --- écriture --- pédagogie --- apprentissage

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The last forty years of research have demonstrated that working memory (WM) is a key concept for understanding higher-order cognition. To give an example, WM is involved in reading comprehension, problem solving and reasoning, but also in a number of everyday life activities. It has a clear role in the case of atypical development too. For instance, numerous studies have shown an impairment in WM in individuals with learning disabilities (LD) or intellectual disabilities (ID); and several researchers have hypothesized that this can be linked to their difficulties in learning, cognition and everyday life. The latest challenge in the field concerns the trainability of WM. If it is a construct central to our understanding of cognition in typical and atypical development, then specific intervention to sustain WM performance might also promote changes in cognitive processes associated with WM. The idea that WM can be modified is debated, however, partly because of the theoretical implications of this view, and partly due to the generally contradictory results obtained so far. In fact, most studies converge in demonstrating specific effects of WM training, i.e. improvements in the trained tasks, but few transfer effects to allied cognitive processes are generally reported. It is worth noting that any maintenance effects (when investigated) are even more meagre. In addition, a number of methodological concerns have been raised in relation to the use of: 1. single tasks to assess the effects of a training program; 2. WM tasks differing from those used in the training to assess the effects of WM training; and 3. passive control groups. These and other crucial issues have so far prevented any conclusions from being drawn on the efficacy of WM training. Bearing in mind that the opportunity to train WM could have a huge impact in the educational and clinical settings, it seems fundamentally important to shed more light on the limits and potential of this line of research. The aim of the research discussed here is to generate new evidence on the feasibility of training WM in individuals with LD and ID. There are several questions that could be raised in this field. For a start, can WM be trained in this population? Are there some aspects of WM that can be trained more easily than others? Can a WM training reduce the impact of LD and ID on learning outcomes, and on everyday living? What kind of training program is best suited to the promotion of such changes?

Intellectual Disabilities --- working memory training --- ADHD --- Adaptive training --- school outcomes --- transfer effects --- executive functions --- Learning disabilities --- short-term memory --- Maintenance effects