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Ce livre étudie, à travers une série d'épisodes allant de la philosophie des Lumières à notre époque, le problème du matérialisme dans l'histoire de la philosophie et l'histoire des sciences. Comment comprendre les spécificités de l'histoire du matérialisme, des Lumières à nos jours, au sein de la grande histoire de la philosophie et de l'histoire des sciences ? Quelle est l'actualité de l'opposition classique entre le corps et l'esprit ? Qu'est-ce que le rire ou le rêve peuvent nous apprendre du matérialisme ? En traversant l'histoire du matérialisme jusqu'à l'émergence d'un « nouveau matérialisme » contemporain, l'ouvrage vise à revitaliser le matérialisme et sa lecture. This book examines, through a series of essays moving from the philosophy of the Enlightenment to the contemporary period, the problem of materialism in the history of philosophy and history of science. The themes range from classic subjects such as mind-body relationships, the status of the brain, the question of atheism, to the less traditional such as dreams, laughter, embodiment and emergence of a 'New Materialism'. It is intended for historians of philosophy, literature and science as well as contemporary philosophers (of the mind, biology, science).

Materialism.

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Si l'atomisme ne mène pas nécessairement au matérialisme, il y incline indiscutablement puisqu'il place au cœur du débat philosophique une réflexion sur la structure de la matière. Quant à l'histoire des sciences, elle gagne incontestablement à revenir toujours davantage de cette thèse fort sommaire et paradoxale qui passa longtemps pour un dogme, - thèse selon laquelle la physique contemporaine ne devrait rien ou presque rien à ce que Bachelard appelait avec un certain dédain : la « métaphysique de la poussière ». Avant le XIXe siècle, cette idée que l'être est un et, tout à la fois, sporadique n'aurait guère produit, nous dit-on en effet, que des rêveries plus ou moins bien construites autour des thèmes de la pulvérulence et de la granulation progressive de toute chose. Les auteurs des études ici réunies ont pris, au contraire, au sérieux cette intuition de l'essentielle discontinuité de tout ce qui apparaît - laquelle, même dans les époques pré-scientifiques, n'a nullement été l'apanage des Grecs (on la trouve chez les Arabes comme en Inde). Ils se sont donc efforcés d'examiner en détail quel fut le statut précis qu'accordèrent aux concepts d'atome et de vide quelques-uns de ceux qui, au XVIIe et au XVIIIe siècles, ont adopté ou critiqué l'hypothèse des atomes : Pascal, Descartes, Leibniz, Gassendi, l'auteur anonyme du Theophrastus redivivus, Galilée, Boyle, Newton, Diderot et Hume.

Philosophy. --- Materialism.

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Nei secoli XII-XIII, quando in Italia nacquero i comuni cittadini, il mondo contadino conobbe profondi mutamenti, e le comunità rurali, sempre più popolose e organizzate, si imposero come interlocutori nella dialettica fra comuni e signorie rurali grazie soprattutto all'affermarsi di nuove élites locali. Il volume offre una lettura critica di questa dialettica alla luce della ricca documentazione relativa al villaggio di Sabbion, presso Cologna Veneta, ai margini orientali del contado veronese. La documentazione, conservata negli archivi di San Giorgio in Braida di Verona, detentrice della signoria su Sabbion, ha permesso di analizzare nel dettaglio e in chiave comparativa i principali mutamenti socioeconomici e politici di una società ridotta e omogenea, ma dotata di una sua "agency".

Dialectical materialism. --- Dialectic.

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Naturalism is the reigning creed in analytic philosophy. Naturalists claim that natural science provides a complete account of all forms of existence. According to the naturalistic credo there are no aspects of human existence which transcend methods and explanations of science. Our concepts of the self, the mind, subjectivity, human freedom or responsibility is to be defined in terms of established sciences. The aim of the present volume is to draw the balance of naturalism's success so far. Unlike other volumes it does not contain a collection of papers which unanimously reject naturalism. Naturalists and anti-naturalists alike unfold their positions discussing the success or failure of naturalistic approaches. "How successful is naturalism? shows where the lines of agreement and disagreement between naturalists and their critics are to be located in contemporary philosophical discussion. With contributions of Rudder Lynne Baker, Johannes Brandl, Helmut Fink, Ulrich Frey, Georg Gasser & Matthias Stefan, Peter S.M. Hacker, Winfried Löffler, Nancey Murphy, Josef Quitterer, Michael Rea, Thomas Sukopp, Konrad Talmont-Kaminski and Gerd Vollmer.

Naturalism. --- Materialism --- Mechanism (Philosophy) --- Philosophy --- Positivism --- Science

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Modernity, from its beginnings, attributes a key role to passions: whether they are hostile to reason or on the contrary its allies, dangerous or fascinating, they mark the role of the body, desire, language and imagination. in the nature of man. The same period saw the development of different variants of materialism. Almost all of them reassess what classical reason tended to suppress or to regard as indicative of human weakness: the body and everything that, in the soul or in society, bears the traces of the activity and positivity of the human being. body.We can therefore expect that the materialists will do a particular fate to passions, that they recognise in them laws and not just lacks or vices, that they try to identify their effectiveness. in all human activities. We still have to ask ourselves how each materialism proceeds, by what specific configuration it accounts for these phenomena or how it deviates the discourse of classical theory to force them to pass through the objects that are its own.Rather than assuming the existence of a single materialist theory, an investigation is therefore necessary which takes into account the diversity of these authors, situates them in their context and identifies the points of inflection encountered in each of them. this general problematic of passions which seems to have governed several centuries.

Materialism. --- Emotions (Philosophy). --- matérialisme --- philosophie matérialiste --- passion --- scepticisme