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Nondestructive testing enables scientists and engineers to evaluate the integrity of their structures and the properties of their materials or components non-intrusively, and in some instances in real-time fashion. Applying the Nondestructive techniques and modalities offers valuable savings and guarantees the quality of engineered systems and products. This technology can be employed through different modalities that include contact methods such as ultrasonic, eddy current, magnetic particles, and liquid penetrant, in addition to contact-less methods such as in thermography, radiography, and shearography. This book seeks to introduce some of the Nondestructive testing methods from its theoretical fundamentals to its specific applications. Additionally, the text contains several novel implementations of such techniques in different fields, including the assessment of civil structures (concrete) to its application in medicine.

Nondestructive testing --- Mathematical models. --- Evaluation, Nondestructive --- Materials --- NDE (Testing) --- NDT (Testing) --- Non-destructive testing --- Nondestructive evaluation --- Testing --- Condensed matter physics (liquid state & solid state physics)

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Nondestructive testing and evaluation (NDT&E) is one of the most important techniques for determining the quality and safety of materials, components, devices, and structures. NDT&E technologies include ultrasonic testing (UT), magnetic particle testing (MT), magnetic flux leakage testing (MFLT), eddy current testing (ECT), radiation testing (RT), penetrant testing (PT), and visual testing (VT), and these are widely used throughout the modern industry. However, some NDT processes, such as those for cleaning specimens and removing paint, cause environmental pollution and must only be considered in limited environments (time, space, and sensor selection). Thus, NDT&E is classified as a typical 3D (dirty, dangerous, and difficult) job. In addition, NDT operators judge the presence of damage based on experience and subjective judgment, so in some cases, a flaw may not be detected during the test. Therefore, to obtain clearer test results, a means for the operator to determine flaws more easily should be provided. In addition, the test results should be organized systemically in order to identify the cause of the abnormality in the test specimen and to identify the progress of the damage quantitatively.

composites --- multi-scale --- embedded damage --- non-destructive testing --- photoacoustic --- ultrasonic representation --- terahertz --- coded-aperture imaging --- convolution neural network (CNN) --- fast image reconstruction --- nondestructive evaluation --- acoustic nonlinearity parameter --- indirect method --- laser ultrasound --- fully non-contact --- surface acoustic wave --- UWB-PPM --- UWB-OOK --- buried objects --- nondestructive environment --- Levenberg–Marquardt method --- textured surface anomaly detection --- computer vision --- deep learning --- attention mechanism --- adaptive fusion --- power quality disturbances --- long short term memory --- convolutional neural network --- short time Fourier transform --- leaky Lamb wave --- semi-analytical finite element (SAFE) --- waveguide sensor --- finite-width plate --- waveguide plate --- width modes --- spatial beating --- Rayleigh–Sommerfeld integral (RSI) --- weld cracks --- eddy current nondestructive testing --- gradiently relative magnetic permeability --- heat affected zone --- austenitic stainless steel --- circulating fluidized bed combustion boiler --- water-cooled wall tube --- magnetic sensor array --- magnetic flux density --- flexible ultrasonic probe --- neutron irradiation embrittlement --- reactor pressure vessel --- magnetic nondestructive evaluation --- micromagnetic multiparameter microstructure and stress analysis 3MA --- magnetic adaptive testing --- 3D imaging of metal grains --- non-destructive testing methods --- stacking images --- SA106 carbon steel --- terahertz waves --- refractive index --- thickness measurement --- Shim stock films --- composite materials --- reflection mode --- neutron radiography --- Bragg-edge imaging --- gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) --- low transformation temperature (LTT) steel --- austenite-to-martensite transformation --- Debye–Waller factor --- n/a --- Levenberg-Marquardt method --- Rayleigh-Sommerfeld integral (RSI) --- Debye-Waller factor

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It is impossible to imagine the modern world without sensors, or without real-time information about almost everything—from local temperature to material composition and health parameters. We sense, measure, and process data and act accordingly all the time. In fact, real-time monitoring and information is key to a successful business, an assistant in life-saving decisions that healthcare professionals make, and a tool in research that could revolutionize the future. To ensure that sensors address the rapidly developing needs of various areas of our lives and activities, scientists, researchers, manufacturers, and end-users have established an efficient dialogue so that the newest technological achievements in all aspects of real-time sensing can be implemented for the benefit of the wider community. This book documents some of the results of such a dialogue and reports on advances in sensors and sensor systems for existing and emerging real-time monitoring applications.

IR-UWB radar sensor --- movement disorder --- hyperactivity --- actigraphy --- fertilizer --- phosphorus element --- laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy --- chemometrics --- high temperature pipe --- pipe wall thinning --- flow accelerated corrosion --- freeze-drying process diagnosis --- ultrasonic transducer (UT) --- freezing/drying point --- drying period --- electrostatic sensor --- digital approach --- rotational speed --- correlation algorithm --- underground structure safety --- train tracking --- incursion detection --- ultra-weak FBG --- distributed vibration --- dynamic measurement --- turbidity --- low-cost --- continuous water quality monitor --- water --- particle detection --- sensitivity --- resonance --- amorphous core --- signal extraction --- support vector regression --- grid method --- genetic algorithm --- particle swarm optimization --- least squares --- railway crossing --- condition monitoring --- condition indicator --- correlation analysis --- weather impact --- numerical verification --- smartphone colorimetrics --- lateral flow assay quantification --- color space --- image correction --- food contaminant screening --- allergens --- background correction --- point of site analyses --- soil salinity --- soil water content --- FDR sensor --- soil pore water electrical conductivity --- sensor calibration and validation --- real time monitoring --- diesel engine --- condition recognition --- CNN --- LSTM --- adaptive dropout --- parallel position --- bridge structure --- temperature --- vibrating wire strain sensor --- traveling wave ultrasonic motor --- pre-pressure --- contact state --- power dissipation --- optimization criterion --- wheel-rail impact --- train hunting --- railway track maintenance --- highly nonlinear solitary waves --- nondestructive evaluation --- wireless sensing --- Bluetooth technology --- water quality --- real-time monitoring --- multisensor system --- molecularly imprinted polymers --- functionalised coating --- microwave spectroscopy --- body condition score --- 3D surface roughness parameters --- rotary parlor --- 3D camera --- regression analysis --- satellite compass --- accuracy --- spectrum analysis --- Fourier transform