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Plant pathology deals mainly with biotic phenomena that interfere with the normal metabolism of plants. Plants have developed mechanisms to deal with pathogenic attacks, while at the same time, pathogens are actively devising ways of overcoming the plant defense systems. Plant pathologists have been advancing their studies from morphological and physiological to now molecular studies at the gene level. There are various approaches for different microorganisms and plants. This makes the study of plant pathology diverse. This book, Advances in Plant Pathology, attempts to investigate advances in viral, fungal, bacterial, and other diagnostic molecular approaches in various plants.

Plant diseases. --- Botany --- Communicable diseases in plants --- Crop diseases --- Crops --- Diseases of plants --- Microbial diseases in plants --- Pathological botany --- Pathology, Vegetable --- Phytopathology --- Plant pathology --- Plants --- Vegetable pathology --- Agricultural pests --- Crop losses --- Diseased plants --- Phytopathogenic microorganisms --- Plant pathologists --- Plant quarantine --- Pathology --- Diseases and pests --- Diseases --- Wounds and injuries --- Life Sciences --- Plant Biology --- Agricultural and Biological Sciences

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"Sulphuric Utopias presents the comprehensive history of fumigation in early-twentieth-century global health. It tells the story of a technology that transformed global practices of maritime quarantine through the combination of chemical and engineering innovation. Fumigation combined chemical and industrial engineering so as to apply gases like sulphur dioxide and sulphuric acid to the task of eliminating pathogens, insects, and rats while leaving goods and the structure of the vessel itself unharmed. Its purpose was to shorten detention times of ships and cargo in quarantine stations, to minimize the risk of importing infectious diseases, such as yellow fever and plague, and to establish universally applicable standards of hygiene in maritime trade. Sulphuric Utopias explores this overlooked but historically crucial practice at the intersection of epidemiology, hygiene, applied chemistry and engineering. Focused on the invention, experimentation, and transformation of competing technologies, it posits maritime fumigation at the pivot of the emergence of visions and practices of modern sanitary globalization. The book unpacks this story around a machine, developed and patented in the disease-ridden swamps of 1890s New Orleans: the Clayton apparatus. A simple furnace, attached to a ventilator, the Clayton could exchange the air of enclosed compartments with SO2. Initially emerging as a response to the threat of yellow fever in the American South, the apparatus quickly assumed a global role in the context of the third plague pandemic (1894-1959). By 1905, the apparatus would be installed in ports across the globe, pioneering the emerging paradigm of complete maritime deratization and disinfection. As the book shows, however, far from claiming a monopoly on maritime fumigation, the global distribution of the Clayton unfolded within the context of a persistent competition with other innovative technologies of fumigation. The book explores the complex international landscape of fumigation experiments, trials, applications and conferences at the turn of the twentieth century. It shows how, for the first time, an international community of researchers, epidemiologists and sanitarians deliberated a scientifically sound mode of fumigation, that would kill pathogens as much as insects and rats. Sulphuric Utopias is focused on the invention, contestation, transformation, and eventual overcoming of the Clayton apparatus. The book thus draws the history of a process that was, for the first time, based on a combination of scientific principles and industrial design, leading both to more efficient epidemic control in the context of pandemic crises and to the standardization of maritime sanitary rules and conditions. At the same time, the global project for maritime fumigation fueled hygienic utopian visions of disease-free trade, liberated from the burden of quarantine and infection alike. In this sense, the book will locate the Clayton in the context of early economic globalization and transnational scientific collaboration to show how maritime fumigation worked as a powerful switch between bacteriological science, industrial prophylaxis, and the spectacle of technological triumph over epidemic threats"--

Ships --- Fumigation --- History --- Vessels (Ships) --- Boats and boating --- Shipbuilding --- quarantine --- shipping --- disinfection --- plague --- yellow fever --- disease --- cholera --- hygiene --- syphilis --- Chemical apparatus. --- Disinfection --- SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY/History of Science --- SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY/History of Technology --- SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY/General --- Apparatus, Chemical --- Chemical instruments --- Chemistry --- Physical instruments --- Scientific apparatus and instruments --- Apparatus --- Instruments

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Bananas are a staple food for over 500 million people and are also an important cash crop. Fusarium wilt, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense, is one of the most destructive diseases of banana globally. Since the 1990s, an aggressive variant of this fungus, called Tropical Race 4 (TR4), severely affected banana plantations in Southeast Asia from where it spread to other continents, including Latin America, where the global banana export market is primarily centred. TR4 is a soil borne pathogen making the disease difficult to contain. The Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture implemented a Coordinated Research Project (CRP) ‘Efficient Screening Techniques to Identify Mutants with Disease Resistance for Coffee and Banana” (2015-2020). This CRP brought together experts from Asia, Europe and Africa in addition to experts of the Joint FAO/IAEA Centre to develop resistance against TR4 through mutation-assisted breeding. Induced mutagenesis is particularly attractive in case of banana since most cultivated bananas are seedless, thus hampering conventional cross breeding. This Open Access book is a compilation of the protocols developed under the CRP specifically for TR4. The first part covers methods for mutation induction, including the integrated use of innovative single-cell culture with mutagenesis techniques. The book also describes up-to-date phenotypic screening methods for TR4 resistance in banana under field-, greenhouse- and laboratory conditions. Finally, molecular and bioinformatics tools for genome-wide mutation discovery following Next Generation Sequencing are also described. Given the imminent threat of Fusarium Wilt TR4 on banana production globally, it is our hope and intention that the book will serve as a timely reference and guide for banana breeders and pathologists worldwide who are committed to the genetic improvement of banana for Fusarium wilt resistance.

Plant diseases. --- Plant genetics. --- Agriculture. --- Plant Pathology. --- Plant Genetics. --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Food supply --- Land use, Rural --- Plants --- Genetics --- Botany --- Communicable diseases in plants --- Crop diseases --- Crops --- Diseases of plants --- Microbial diseases in plants --- Pathological botany --- Pathology, Vegetable --- Phytopathology --- Plant pathology --- Vegetable pathology --- Agricultural pests --- Crop losses --- Diseased plants --- Phytopathogenic microorganisms --- Plant pathologists --- Plant quarantine --- Pathology --- Diseases and pests --- Diseases --- Wounds and injuries --- Musa --- Fusarium wilt TR4 --- mutation breeding --- phenotyping --- genotyping --- NGS --- Bananas --- Fusarium wilt of banana. --- Plant mutation. --- Disease and pest resistance. --- Genetics.

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This open access book will provide an introduction to forest entomology, the principles and techniques of forest insect pest management, the different forest insect guilds/feeding groups, and relevant forest insect pest management case studies. In addition to covering 30% of the earth, forest ecosystems provide numerous timber and non-timber products that affect our daily lives and recreational opportunities, habitat for diverse animal communities, watershed protection, play critical roles in the water cycle, and mitigate soil erosion and global warming. In addition to being the most abundant organisms in forest ecosystems, insects perform numerous functions in forests, many of which are beneficial and critical to forest health. Conversely, some insects damage and/or kill trees and reduce the capacity of forests to provide desired ecosystem services. The target audience of this book is upper-level undergraduate and graduate students and professionals interested in forest health and entomology.

Zoology. --- Plant diseases. --- Forestry. --- Geology. --- Plant Pathology. --- Geognosy --- Geoscience --- Earth sciences --- Natural history --- Forest land --- Forest lands --- Forest planting --- Forest production --- Forest sciences --- Forestation --- Forested lands --- Forestland --- Forestlands --- Forestry --- Forestry industry --- Forestry sciences --- Land, Forest --- Lands, Forest --- Silviculture --- Sylviculture --- Woodlands --- Woods (Forests) --- Agriculture --- Natural resources --- Afforestation --- Arboriculture --- Logging --- Timber --- Tree crops --- Trees --- Botany --- Communicable diseases in plants --- Crop diseases --- Crops --- Diseases of plants --- Microbial diseases in plants --- Pathological botany --- Pathology, Vegetable --- Phytopathology --- Plant pathology --- Plants --- Vegetable pathology --- Agricultural pests --- Crop losses --- Diseased plants --- Phytopathogenic microorganisms --- Plant pathologists --- Plant quarantine --- Biology --- Animals --- Pathology --- Diseases and pests --- Diseases --- Wounds and injuries --- Forest ecology. --- Forest insects.

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This collection resulted from an international workshop funded and organised by Biosecurity Australia, the agency of government responsible for analysing Australia's quarantine import risks and for negotiating multilateral SPS rules and less restrictive access to overseas markets for Australian produce. The workshop, which was held at the Melbourne Business School on 24-25 October 2000, brought together a distinguished group of applied economists and quarantine policy analysts whose focus involves regions as disparate as Europe, North America, Africa, Asia and New Zealand, in addition to Australia.

Food industry and trade --- Imports --- International trade --- Quarantine --- Safety measures --- World Trade Organization --- Lazarettos --- External trade --- Foreign commerce --- Foreign trade --- Global commerce --- Global trade --- Trade, International --- World trade --- Food preparation industry --- Food processing industry --- Food trade --- Biśva Bāṇijya Saṃsthā --- Dėlkhiĭn Khudaldaany Baĭguullaga --- DTÖ --- Dünya Ticaret Örgütü --- Munaẓẓamat al-Tijārah al-ʻĀlamīyah --- O.M.C. --- OMC --- ʻOngkān Kānkhā Lōk --- Organisation mondiale du commerce --- Organização Mundial do Comércio --- Organización Mundial de Comercio --- Organización Mundial del Comercio --- Organizația Mondială de Comerț --- Organizzazione mondiale del commercio --- Organizzazione mondiale per il commercio --- Qaṅgkār Bāṇijjakamm Bibhab Lok --- Sāzmān-i Tijārat-i Jahānī --- Shi jie mao yi zu zhi --- SOT --- Světová obchodní organizace --- Svitova orhanizat︠s︡ii︠a︡ torhivli --- Światowa Organizacja Handlu --- Tổ chức thương mại thế giới --- Viśva Vyapāra Saṅgaṭhana --- Vsemirnai︠a︡ torgovai︠a︡ organizat︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- VTO --- W.T.O. --- Welthandelsorganisation --- World Trade Organisation --- WTO --- منظمة التجارة العالمية --- 世界貿易組織 --- 世界贸易组织 --- Communicable diseases --- Public health --- Commerce --- International economic relations --- Non-traded goods --- Agricultural processing industries --- Processed foods --- Prevention --- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Organization) --- Food --- Food processing --- Food technology --- Processing --- australia --- economics --- biosecurity --- sps rules --- import risk --- australian produce --- quarantine policy --- international economic studies --- Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures --- Pest (organism) --- Risk assessment --- Risk management