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According to a senior citizen of a trading company in Hamburg, if "he is too stupid for sugar, let him study," Obviously, such an environment did not particularly appreciate science. Nevertheless, Senator Werner von Melle succeeded in collecting a sum of almost four million marks from many foresighted Hamburg citizens, so that the Hamburgische Wissenschaftliche Stiftung (Hamburg Scientific Foundation) was able to come into being on 12 April 1907. This first volume of the series "Patrons for Science" honours in short biographies all personalities who have been involved in the foundation's founding phase, either financially or through their participation on the board of trustees. Many of them have become well-known far beyond Hamburg, others have been completely forgotten. The book is introduced by the essay "Current Past" which embeds the founders of the foundation in the cultural and scientific-political context of Hamburg around the turn of the century.

Research institutes. --- Originator --- Donor --- Founder --- University of Hamburg --- Art --- Science

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This report presents the results of a project by the OECD Working Party on Research Institutions and Human Resources (RIHR), on “the Transformation of Public Research Institutions”. To date, PRIs have been the subject of fewer analyses, and work has often been at the national or institutional level. Yet PRIs have seen much change in recent years, the results of which have implications for current and future policy approaches. To enhance the level of policy debate and provide input into policy making, the project aimed to provide new information on PRIs and government strategies. The project benefited from an array of rich material contributed by countries participating in the RIHR group; submissions included 20 “country context” notes, 12 institutional case studies, and a survey of 449 institutes. It also drew on national-level data to help describe the PRI sector and the changes it has seen in recent years.

Public institutions --- Research institutes --- Research --- Research --- Evaluation --- Evaluation --- Government policy --- Finance

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Les fondations politiques allemandes, les plus riches et les plus actives en Europe, servent souvent de référence à leurs homologues et aux think tanks d'autres pays. Marquées par le contexte de la guerre froide, ces fondations ont commencé par s'implanter en Afrique et en Amérique Latine pour y combattre « les influences communistes » avant de se redéployer en Asie, en Europe et Outre-Atlantique. Proches des partis politiques représentés au Bundestag, elles entretiennent un dialogue informel avec les élites d'une centaine de pays. Cultivant une image d'organisations indépendantes, voire privées, les fondations politiques sont pourtant financées quasi-exclusivement sur fonds publics. Cet ouvrage retrace la genèse de ces organisations paradiplomatiques et leurs stratégies d'internationalisation à travers leur engagement en Europe centrale et, plus particulièrement, en Pologne. Il analyse la manière dont les fondations, grâce à leur double ancrage dans le champ politique allemand et celui de l'action publique extérieure, sont devenues des acteurs majeurs de la politique étrangère. Reposant sur une vaste enquête – 140 entretiens et de nombreuses archives inédites – l'ouvrage apporte un éclairage nouveau sur la politique étrangère allemande, l'assistance internationale à la démocratisation, la coopération transnationale des partis et l'élargissement de l'Union européenne.

Government consultants --- Research institutes --- Political culture --- Conseillers du gouvernement --- Centres de recherche --- Culture politique --- Germany --- Allemagne --- Foreign relations. --- Relations extérieures --- Relations extérieures --- Political Science --- fondation --- fondation politique --- vie politique --- diplomatie

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This professional memoir describes RAND's contributions to the evolution of computer science, particularly during the first decades following World War II, when digital computers succeeded slide rules, mechanical desk calculators, electric accounting machines, and analog computers. RAND's accomplishments included important advances not only in hardware and software but also in analytic techniques that exploited the speed and power of computers. From the beginning, RAND researchers were focused on using computers to improve applied studies that addressed complex, real-world problems. They also

Computer science --Research --United States --History. --- Information technology --Research --United States --History. --- Military research --United States --History --20th century. --- Rand Corporation --History. --- Research institutes --United States --History --20th century. --- Information technology --- Computer science --- Military research --- Research institutes --- Computer Science --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- History --- Research --- History. --- Rand Corporation --- Institutes, Research --- Research centers --- Think tanks --- Universities and colleges --- Defense research --- Informatics --- IT (Information technology) --- RAND --- RĖND --- RĖND, SShA --- Muʼassasat Rānd --- Lande gong si --- Meiguo Lande gong si --- 兰德公司 --- 美国兰德公司 --- Rėnd Korporeĭshn --- Рэнд Корпорейшн --- Learned institutions and societies --- Research and development contracts, Government --- Science --- Technology --- Telematics --- Information superhighway --- Knowledge management

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Universities and public research institutes play a key role in enabling the application of scientific breakthroughs and innovations in the marketplace. Many countries - developed and developing alike - have implemented national strategies to support the application or commercialization of knowledge produced by public research organizations. Universities and public research institutes have introduced practices to support these activities, for instance by including knowledge transfer to promote innovation as a core part of their mission. As a result, a vital question for policymakers is how to improve the efficiency of these knowledge transfer practices to help maximize innovation-driven growth and/or to seek practical solutions to critical societal challenges. This book aims to develop a conceptual framework to evaluate knowledge transfer practices and outcomes; to improve knowledge transfer metrics, surveys and evaluation frameworks; and to generate findings on what works and what does not, and to propose related policy lessons. This book is also available as Open Access.

Academic spin-outs. --- Technological innovations. --- Research institutes. --- Research, Industrial. --- Political planning. --- Planning in politics --- Public policy --- Planning --- Policy sciences --- Politics, Practical --- Public administration --- Institutes, Research --- Research centers --- Think tanks --- Universities and colleges --- Learned institutions and societies --- Academic spin-offs --- Spin-offs, Academic --- Spin-outs, Academic --- Technology transfer --- Contract research --- Industrial research --- Research --- Engineering experiment stations --- Inventions --- Technological innovations --- Breakthroughs, Technological --- Innovations, Industrial --- Innovations, Technological --- Technical innovations --- Technological breakthroughs --- Technological change --- Creative ability in technology --- Domestication of technology --- Innovation relay centers --- Research, Industrial --- Research institutes --- research. --- innovation. --- knowledge transfer. --- research body. --- university. --- trasferiment tal-għarfien --- zināšanu pārnese --- trasferimento di conoscenze --- teadmussiire --- kennisoverdracht --- transferência de conhecimentos --- intercambio de conocimientos --- prenos znanja --- předávání znalostí --- tudástranszfer --- Wissenstransfer --- aistriú eolais --- kunskapsöverföring --- prenos poznatkov --- transfer wiedzy --- vidensoverførsel --- žinių perdavimas --- tietämyksen siirto --- prijenos znanja --- трансфер на знания --- transfer de cunoștințe --- μεταφορά γνώσεων --- transfert de connaissances --- prenos vedomostí --- knowledge sharing --- transfer znalostí --- prenos znalostí --- osaamisen siirto --- KTE --- přenos znalostí --- innovation --- innovaatio --- innovazione --- novinka --- inovație --- innovazzjoni --- иновация --- innovatsioon --- innowacja --- jaunievedums --- innovación --- vernieuwing --- καινοτομία --- inovácia --- inovação --- иновација --- nuálaíocht --- Innovation --- innováció --- risi --- inovacija --- τεχνολογική καινοτομία --- teknologisk fornyelse --- industrielle Innovation --- technologische Innovation --- technológiai innováció --- inovação tecnológica --- innovación industrial --- innovación tecnológica --- risi industriale --- naujovė --- βιομηχανική καινοτομία --- technologische vernieuwing --- industrijska inovacija --- innovazione industriale --- tehnoloogiline innovatsioon --- priemyselná inovácia --- technologijos naujovė --- technologická inovácia --- innovation technologique --- teollinen innovaatio --- tehnoloģisks jauninājums --- fornyelse --- risi teknologjike --- inovație industrială --- teknisk innovation --- innovation industrielle --- teknologinen innovaatio --- teknologisk innovation --- industriell innovation --- technological innovation --- pramoninė naujovė --- industrial innovation --- технолошка иновација --- innovazione tecnologica --- průmyslová novinka --- tööstusinnovatsioon --- technická novinka --- tehnološka inovacija --- industriel innovation --- ipari innováció --- inovação industrial --- rūpniecisks jauninājums --- innovazione scientifica --- inovație tehnologică --- pētniecība --- badania --- истраживање --- έρευνα --- moksliniai tyrimai --- riċerka --- investigación --- cercetare --- kërkim --- ricerca --- výskum --- výzkum --- истражување --- raziskave --- istraživanje --- investigação --- taighde --- kutatás --- uurimine --- tutkimus --- research --- forskning --- изследване --- Forschung --- recherche --- pesquisa --- ricerca sperimentale --- πανεπιστήμιο --- universitate --- sveučilište --- univerzita --- universitetas --- egyetem --- korkeakoulu --- универзитет --- Universität --- uniwersytet --- università --- akadēmiskā augstskola --- universitet --- universiteit --- ülikool --- universidad --- ollscoil --- université --- университет --- universidade --- univerza --- universitāte --- πανεπιστημιακές σπουδές --- universitetsinstitution --- istituto universitario --- învățământ universitar --- universitetinis lavinimas --- ensino universitário --- formazione universitaria --- sveučilišno obrazovanje --- pregătire universitară --- magisterské studium --- polütehniline instituut --- università privata --- πανεπιστημιακή εκπαίδευση --- arsim universitar --- приватен универзитет --- universitetinis institutas --- università pubblica --- univerzitní vzdělání --- sveučilišni institut --- egyetemi képzés --- univerzitný ústav/fakulta --- egyetemi szintű képzés --- trajnim universitar --- enseñanza universitaria --- yliopiston laitos --- politehnică --- polytechnic --- institut universitaire --- univerzitné vzdelávanie --- universitetsutbildning --- universitaire instelling --- ülikooli instituut --- ülikooliharidus --- politeknik --- formación universitaria --- institut universitar --- formation universitaire --- university training --- formação universitária --- високообразовна установа --- fakulta --- university institute --- főiskola --- univerzitná príprava --- universitair onderwijs --- akademisk utbildning --- universitaire opleiding --- főiskolai képzés --- university education --- instituto universitario --- istruzione universitaria --- augstskolas institūts --- universitetinės studijos --- enseignement universitaire --- polytekninen oppilaitos --- augstskolas izglītība --- polytechnika --- politechnikos kolegija --- државен универзитет --- instituto universitário --- yliopisto-opetus --- bakalářské studium --- politehnikums --- raziskovalna organizacija --- uurimisasutus --- výskumné pracovisko --- organism de cercetare --- organ kërkimi --- centro di ricerca --- organismo de investigação --- истражувачко тело --- centro de investigación --- pētniecības organizācija --- onderzoeksorganisme --- korp tar-riċerka --- οργανισμός έρευνας --- истраживачко тело --- comhlacht taighde --- výzkumný ústav --- organisme de recherche --- instytucje naukowe --- Forschungsstelle --- istraživačko tijelo --- mokslinių tyrimų įstaiga --- forskningsorgan --- изследователска организация --- forskningsorganisation --- tutkimuselin --- kutatóintézet --- laboratorio de investigación --- sipërmarrje kërkimi --- istituto di ricerca --- centre de recherche --- instituto de investigación --- vědecko-výzkumné pracoviště --- uurimisettevõte --- výzkumná laboratoř --- vědecké pracoviště --- research laboratory --- researchonderneming --- organismo di ricerca --- laboratorio di ricerca --- pētniecības laboratorija --- institución científica --- forskningslaboratorium --- forskningsvirksomhed --- výzkumná stanice --- mokslo įstaiga --- uurimislabor --- Forschungsunternehmen --- istraživački laboratorij --- tutkimuslaitos --- laborator kërkimi --- istraživački institut --- výzkumné pracoviště --- laboratório de investigação --- institut kërkimi --- tutkimuslaboratorio --- institut scientifique --- forskningscentrum --- impresa di ricerca --- mokslinė laboratorija --- истражувачки центар --- Forschungszentrum --- kutatóközpont --- mokslo institutas --- empresa de investigación --- výskumný ústav --- výskumné laboratórium --- uurimisinstituut --- εργαστήριο ερευνών --- research undertaking --- empresa de investigação --- entreprise de recherche --- research institute --- tutkimusyritys --- ινστιτούτο ερευνών --- forskningsinstitut --- kutatóvállalat --- Forschungslabor --- mokslinė įmonė --- instituto de investigação --- zinātniskās pētniecības institūts --- laborator de cercetare --- forskningsföretag --- researchlaboratorium --- institut de recherche --- pētniecības uzņēmums --- kutatólaboratórium --- Forschungsinstitut --- κέντρο ερευνών --- onderzoeksinstelling --- výskumný podnik --- ίδρυμα ερευνών --- vědecké středisko --- laboratoire de recherche --- tyrimai --- intellectual property law --- economics --- development studies