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Das Ringen der Gegenpäpste vervielfältigte von der Spitze aus die Strukturen der mittelalterlichen Kirche. Der Band rückt diese zeitweilige Uneindeutigkeit der päpstlichen Hierarchie in den Mittelpunkt und betrachtet die Mechanismen der Verdopplung, der Autoritätsbehauptung und Autoritätszuweisung in historischer, kirchenrechtlicher, ekklesiologischer, zeremonieller und historiografischer Perspektive. Dabei werden nicht die gewohnten Fragen der Rechtmäßigkeit der konkurrierenden Ansprüche verfolgt und das Urteil über „richtige" oder „falsche" Päpste gefällt, sondern die Idee der wiederkehrenden grundlegenden Krisen und ihrer historischen Bewältigung verfolgt. Mit Beiträgen von Jörg Bölling, Florian Eßer, Robert Gramsch-Stehfest, Martina Hartmann, Jochen Johrendt, Andreas Matena, Harald Müller, Britta Müller-Schauenburg, Stefan Rebenich, Stefan Schima, Bernward Schmidt und Benjamin-Oskar Schönfeld. The struggle of the Antipopes multiplied the structures of the medieval church from the top down. This study focuses on this temporary blurring of the papal hierarchy and examines the mechanisms of duplication, assertions, and attributions of authority from historical, church historical, ecclesiastic, ceremonial, and historiographic perspectives.

Papacy --- History --- Holy See --- See, Holy --- Popes --- Papacy, Medieval Church. --- Schism, The Great Western (1378-1417) --- 600-1500

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Ground water is a source for drinking and industrial water supply and pollution created by active industrial sites which often cause social, health, and environmental problems. This groundwater eventually drains into adjacent water sources. Filtration Materials for Groundwater: A Guide to Good Practice presents the up-to-date technology of purification of polluted ground water, its treatment for industrial and human needs and the remediation of polluted sites. The book examines: Types of pollutants in ground water including the main inorganic and organic pollutants and their behaviour. Filtration materials for water treatment and principles of their choice. How to choose suitable filtration materials according to targeted compounds and estimate its efficiency. Technologies for ground water treatment. Cost and risks estimation of treatment facilities. Lifetime, risks and cost estimation of technology. Examples of modern ongoing facilities for ground water treatment and polluted sites remediation. This book is of interest to scientists and engineer who deal with the problem of purification of ground water for different purposes and the remediation of polluted sites.

Groundwater --- Purification. --- Technology & Engineering --- Environmental --- General --- Science --- Applied Sciences --- Environmental Science (see Also Chemistry --- Environmental)

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This volume contains studies of one particular category of risky situations, namely, those involving highly negative consequences with low probabilities. Situations of this type involve both natural and man-made disasters (e.g. floods, technological hazards, economic crises, epidemics, etc.). Such risks are characterized by two features: (1) they occur relatively rarely (the probability of their occurrence is very low) and (2) they have extremely negative consequences (they are catastrophic). Such events generally cannot be prevented, but one can both try to anticipate them and undertake actions aimed at ameliorating their negative consequences. Consequently, the first part of the book is devoted to risk perception issues. It includes studies devoted to the following questions which arise when people have to deal with probabilities, and small probabilities in particular: How can probabilistic information be communicated effectively? What is the impact of emotions on perceptions of, and reactions to, probabilistic information? Other relevant issues are also discussed. The second part of the book is devoted to protection and insurance against risk. Thus, it includes studies answering the following questions: What determines a person's willingness to take preventive actions in areas susceptible to severe flooding? How do people form their own risk estimates? Research presented in the book extends our knowledge of human behavior in situations characterized by large risks and low probabilities, leading to better comprehension of the functioning of cognitive and affective processes in perception and decision making in situations where uncertainty and risk are accompanied by highly negative consequences.

Disasters --- Risk assessment. --- Decision making. --- Calamities --- Catastrophes --- Curiosities and wonders --- Accidents --- Hazardous geographic environments --- Science --- Environmental Science (see Also Chemistry --- Environmental) --- Applied Sciences --- Technology & Engineering --- Mining

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Computational Hydraulics introduces the concept of modeling and the contribution of numerical methods and numerical analysis to modeling. It provides a concise and comprehensive description of the basic hydraulic principles, and the problems addressed by these principles in the aquatic environment. Flow equations, numerical and analytical solutions are included. The necessary steps for building and applying numerical methods in hydraulics comprise the core of the book and this is followed by a report of different example applications of computational hydraulics: river training effects on flood propagation, water quality modelling of lakes and coastal applications. The theory and exercises included in the book promote learning of concepts within academic environments.  Sample codes are made available online for purchasers of the book. Computational Hydraulics is intended for under-graduate and graduate students, researchers, members of governmental and non-governmental agencies and professionals involved in management of the water related problems. 

Hydraulics --- Mathematics. --- Data processing. --- Flow of water --- Water --- Fluid mechanics --- Hydraulic engineering --- Jets --- Flow --- Distribution --- Technology & Engineering --- Environmental --- General --- Science --- Applied Sciences --- Environmental Science (see Also Chemistry --- Environmental)

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"Academic, industry, and government experts provide a global survey of the financial services sector's transformation by AI, data science, and blockchain"--

Financial services industry --- Finance --- Technological innovations. --- Data processing. --- E-commerce: business aspects --- Artificial intelligence --- BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Finance / General --- BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / E-Commerce / General (see also COMPUTERS / Electronic Commerce) --- COMPUTERS / Intelligence (AI) & Semantics