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Almost all processing of technologically important materials includes a process where liquid material is cooled to form a solid, called ""solidification."" In order to form a solid from an undercooled melt, the formation of crystalline nuclei and growth of these nuclei to form a solid are necessary. The process of an atom jumping from the liquid to the solid is a diffusive jump with a driving force. The book Solidification is logically developed through a careful presentation of the relevant theories and models of solidification occurring in a variety of materials. Mathematicians, chemists, physicists, and engineers concerned with melting/freezing phenomena will also find this book to be valuable.

Solidification. --- Crystallization --- Heat --- Melting points --- Solutions, Solid --- Physical Sciences --- Engineering and Technology --- Materials Science

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A single-crystal plasticity model as well as a gradient crystal plasticity model are used to describe the creep behavior of directionally solidi?ed NiAl based eutectic alloys. To consider the transition from theoretical to bulk strength, a hardening model was introduced to describe the strength of the reinforcing phases. Moreover, to account for microstructural changes due to material ?ux, a coupled diffusional-mechanical simulation model was introduced.

Crystal plasticity --- Creep --- Directional solidification --- Gradient plasticity --- Finite element simulation --- Kriechen --- Gerichtete Erstarrung --- Finite Elemente Methode --- Kristallplastizität --- Gradientenplastizität

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Investigation of the effect of casting and crystallization on the structure and properties of the resulting light alloys and, in particular, research connected with detailed analysis of the microstructure of light alloys obtained using various external influences of ultrasonic, vibration, magnetic, and mechanical processing on the casting and crystallization are discussed. Research on the study of introduction of additives (modifiers, reinforcers, including nanosized ones, etc.) into the melt during the crystallization process, the technological properties of casting (fluidity, segregation, shrinkage, etc.), the structure and physicomechanical properties of light alloys are also included.

aluminum alloy --- titanium diboride --- master alloy --- structure --- mechanical properties --- aluminum --- alumina nanoparticles --- microstructure --- elastic limit --- strength --- Al/SiC composite --- porosity in composites --- finite element analysis --- Al–Mg–Si --- α-Al8(Fe2Mn)Si particles --- solution treatment --- ageing --- dissolution of Fe --- Differential Scanning Calorimetry --- casting speed --- solidification --- Ohno continuous casting --- gravity casting --- dendritic spacing --- composite materials --- hypereutectic aluminum alloys --- Al-Zn-Mg alloys --- rapid solidification --- eutectic --- CALPHAD --- intermetallics --- precipitation hardening --- aluminum-zirconium wire alloys --- electromagnetic casting --- drawing --- electrical conductivity --- phase composition --- nanoparticles --- friction stir processing --- aluminum alloys --- copper alloys --- titanium alloys --- magnesium alloys --- subsurface gradient structures --- surface modification --- hardening with reinforcing particles --- hybrid in situ surfaces --- friction stir welding --- grade 2 titanium alloy --- ZhS6U Ni-based superalloy --- welding tool --- tool wear --- structure formation --- adhesion --- metal transfer --- in-situ friction stir process --- Al-Cu metallomatrix composite --- intermetallic compounds --- diffusion-controlled reactions --- Al-Cu eutectics --- intermetallides --- hydrides --- TiAl system --- n/a --- Al-Mg-Si

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The present book contains nine articles that were accepted and published in the Special Issue “Modeling and Control of Energy Conversion during Underground Coal Gasification Process” of the MDPI Energies journal. This book focuses on the energy conversion processes in underground coal gasification (UCG), as well as on the modeling and control of this process. The articles published in this book can be divided into three thematic parts of research in the field of underground coal gasification technology: the first part is the impact of technology on the environment, the second is research (studies) on the coal areas and coal properties of UCG technology, and the third is the monitoring, modeling, and control processes within UCG. We hope that this book will be interesting and useful for workers and researchers in the field of underground coal gasification technology, as well as for those who are interested in the mathematical modeling and control of this process.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- low-carbon energy --- UCG technology --- grouting --- solidification soil --- soil air --- statistic model --- soil contamination --- atmospheric geochemical survey --- environmental burden --- underground coal gasification (UCG) --- optimization --- syngas --- calorific value --- optimal control --- operating variables --- control algorithm --- coal gasification --- rocks --- coal seam --- material balance --- heat balance --- tightness --- gas --- underground coal gasification --- georeactor --- char --- melted waste rock --- gas permeability --- tortuosity --- porosity --- measurement --- temperature --- regression --- model --- analyses --- cavity --- lignite --- UCG --- ex situ tests --- high temperature --- strength and structural parameters of rocks after heating --- destruction zone around gasified channel --- SNG --- UCG wastewater --- environmental impact assessment --- correlation analysis --- effluents --- n/a

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There is increasingly intensive research for energy storage technologies development due to the enhanced energy needs of the contemporary societies. Increased global energy consumption results in the reduction in the availability of traditional energy resources, such as coal, oil and natural gas. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new systems development based on the conversion and storage of sustainable and clean energy. Phase change materials (PCMs) are one of the key components for the development of advanced sustainable solutions in renewable energy and engineering systems. In order to update the field of renewable energy and engineering systems with the use of PCMs, a Special Issue entitled “Phase Change Materials: Design and Applications” is introduced. This book gathers and reviews the collection of ten contributions (nine articles and one review), with authors from Europe, Asia and Americam accepted for publication in the aforementioned Special Issue of Applied Sciences.

phase change materials --- thermal energy storage --- energy efficiency --- building applications --- construction materials --- phase-change material --- dispersion --- thermal-mechanical stability --- viscosity --- supercooling --- nucleating agent --- cold storage --- battery cooling --- LPMO --- Fourier Transform ac Voltammetry (FTacV) --- cyclic voltammetry --- Direct Electron Transfer (DET) --- lathrate hydrate --- tetrabutylammonium acrylate (TBAAc) --- crystal growth --- ultrasonic vibration --- polyurethane elastomers --- microencapsulated PCMs --- thermal properties --- mechanical properties --- phase change material --- sugar alcohol --- erythritol --- latent heat storage --- thermal stability --- degradation kinetics --- PCM --- mini-channels --- air --- melting --- solidification --- latent heat thermal energy storage --- phase change materials (PCM) --- macro-encapsulation --- rectangular slab --- experimental study --- sodium nitrate --- thermal conductivity --- microencapsulation --- latent heat --- multicriteria decision --- finite element --- automotive --- energy storage --- n/a