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Energy systems have played an essential role in the history of human civilization. As our civilization evolves, energy systems are expected to adapt to the environment and desire of people for more sustainable development whilst meeting the ever-increasing energy demand of society. To address global warming and its threats to sustainable development to multiple ends, major economies around the world have announced low-carbon, carbon-neutral, or negative-carbon development targets. To meet these goals, the energy systems as we know them today need to undergo substantial structural changes in terms of the way primary energy is extracted from nature, converted to secondary energy, transmitted from conversion sites to end use, and shifted between time slots to coordinate supply and demand. The share of renewable and fossil energy in the overall energy portfolio could experience unprecedented structural change of a kind not witnessed since industrialization. To cope with this harsh transition, energy systems should be planned, designed, retrofitted, and operated in a revolutionary manner.This reprint aims to present the most recent advances in energy systems analysis towards low/zero/negative carbon emission targets via integration amongst different primary energy supplies, between multiple energy supplies and demands, across geographically separated regions, and over different time scales from seconds to seasons.

Neutrality. --- Neutralism --- Neutrality --- International relations --- Buffer states --- Intervention (International law) --- Isolationism --- Nonalignment --- Prize law --- Region of war --- Unneutral service --- War, Maritime (International law) --- War (International law) --- Law and legislation

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"Permanent neutrality – a chance or more a burden for a young nation? In 1955 Austria gained back its sovereignty with signing the State Treaty of Vienna. Before that, Austria took over the obligation of becoming a permanent neutral state in the Moscow Memorandum. This study focuses on the efforts of Austrian politics, science and people to position the country in Europe and in the United Nations within the framework of the Cold War. The analysis shows how the semantics and the functions of the permanent neutrality have changed from 1955 to 1989 and how the Austrian citizens have contemplated the neutrality of their state. Moreover the study explores the interdependency between political developments and scientific research and, as a consequence of that, the role neutrality played on a political level. The examination reveals the various definitions of neutrality and points out the significance it still has today. "

Neutrality. --- Neutralism --- Neutrality --- International relations --- Buffer states --- Intervention (International law) --- Isolationism --- Nonalignment --- Prize law --- Region of war --- Unneutral service --- War, Maritime (International law) --- War (International law) --- Law and legislation --- International law --- History. --- Study and teaching --- Law of nations --- Nations, Law of --- Public international law --- Law --- Kalter Krieg --- Neutralität --- Österreich --- Völkerrechtsgeschichte --- Völkerrechtslehre

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De toutes les voies de communication maritimes, le canal de Panama est sans doute celle ayant suscité l'intérêt le plus soutenu des chercheurs, et ce pour de multiples raisons : rivalités des puissances maritimes, au siècle dernier, pour obtenir la mainmise sur le futur canal ; péripéties ayant accompagné le creusement du canal ; importance géographique, économique et stratégique de la voie d'eau ; souci constant des États-Unis d'en contrôler les accès. Récemment, de nouveaux accords furent conclus entre le riverain et les États-Unis, accords censés frapper du sceau de la pérennité juridique le régime d'utilisation du canal. Curieusement, le canal fut toujours déclaré neutre ou neutralisé, alors même que les États-Unis l'assimilaient à une part de leur ligne côtière et en interdisaient l'accès aux navires ennemis en temps de guerre : que cachait – et cache encore – cet abus de langage ? Partant de cette question apparemment anodine, Richard Perruchoud situe l'origine de la neutralité du canal dans l'histoire des relations internationales du xixe siècle. Il analyse ensuite le régime de neutralité qualifiant le régime d'utilisation du canal tant sous l'empire des anciens traités qu'en vertu de ceux récemment conclus, nous conduisant ainsi à travers les arcanes de maintes questions fondamentales : liberté de transit, droits de péage, protection et défense du canal, droit d'intervention des États-Unis, hypothétique canal à niveau, garantie du régime. Par la rigueur de l'analyse et le pragmatisme des solutions avancées, le présent ouvrage est appelé à devenir un guide indispensable à la compréhension des problèmes souvent complexes que pose le régime de neutralité du canal de Panama. Diplômé d'études juridiques supérieures (1975) et docteur en droit de l'Université de Genève (1978), Richard Perruchoud fut Visiting Scholar à la Harvard Law School, puis chargé de recherches à l'Institut universitaire de hautes études internationales à Genève. Il est actuellement…

Canal de Panamã (Panamã) --- Panamã --- Navigation --- Droit. --- Neutralité. --- Relations extérieures --- Neutrality --- International Law --- Law, Politics & Government --- International Law - General --- #SBIB:328H32 --- Instellingen en beleid: Midden en Latijns-Amerika --- Canal de Panamá (Panamá) --- Panamá --- Neutralité. --- Relations extérieures --- Neutralism --- Law and legislation --- International relations --- Buffer states --- Intervention (International law) --- Isolationism --- Nonalignment --- Prize law --- Region of war --- Unneutral service --- War, Maritime (International law) --- War (International law) --- Neutrality - Panama - Canal Zone --- diplomatie --- gouvernance --- cours d'eau --- coopération internationale --- politique étrangère --- canal de Panama --- conflits sécurité et consolidation de la paix --- commerce international --- histoire du droit --- guerre --- sécurité

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When does a reigning great power of the international system supplement military containment of a challenging power by restricting its economic exchanges with that state? Scholars of great power politics have traditionally focused on examining a reigning power's military containment of a challenging power. In direct contrast, Compound Containment demonstrates that these conventional studies are flawed without a sound understanding of the multilayered aspects of containment strategy in great power politics. Since economic capacity and military power are intimately linked to one another, countering a challenging power requires addressing both economic and military dimensions. Nonetheless, this nexus of security and economy in a reigning power's response to a challenging power cannot be explained by traditional theories that dominate research in international security. Author Dong Jung Kim fills a gap in the scholarship on great power competition by investigating when a reigning power will make its military containment of a challenging power "compound" by simultaneously employing restrictive economic measures. Its main theoretical claims are corroborated by an analysis of key historical cases of reigning power-challenging power competition. This book also offers policy prescriptions for the United States by examining whether the United States is in a position to complement military containment of China with restrictive economic measures.

Political Science / International Relations / Diplomacy --- Political Science / World / Asian --- Political Science / Security (National & International) --- Political science --- Administration --- Civil government --- Commonwealth, The --- Government --- Political theory --- Political thought --- Politics --- Science, Political --- Social sciences --- State, The --- Reprisals. --- Intervention (International law) --- Economic sanctions. --- International relations. --- Economic aspects. --- Coexistence --- Foreign affairs --- Foreign policy --- Foreign relations --- Global governance --- Interdependence of nations --- International affairs --- Peaceful coexistence --- World order --- National security --- Sovereignty --- World politics --- Economic sanctions --- Sanctions, Economic --- Economic policy --- Sanctions (International law) --- International economic relations --- Military intervention --- Diplomacy --- International law --- Neutrality --- Counter measures (International law) --- Countermeasures (International law) --- Embargo --- War, Maritime (International law) --- Law and legislation

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In Switzerland and Sub-Saharan Africa in the Cold War, 1967-1979 , Sabina Widmer analyses Swiss foreign policy in Angola, Mozambique, Ethiopia, and Somalia in the late 1960s and 1970s, at the crossroads of the global East-West confrontation and decolonisation. Focusing on the independence wars in Angola and Mozambique, the Angolan War and the Ogaden War as well as regime changes that brought Soviet-allied governments to power, this book sheds new light on Switzerland's role in the Third World during the Cold War. Based on extensive multi-archival research, it exposes the limits of neutrality in North-South relations, reveals the growing marge de manoeuvre of small states during Détente, and highlights the role of non-state actors in the making of foreign policy.

Colonies. --- Diplomatic relations. --- Neutrality. --- Cold War. --- Colonies --- Neutrality --- Africa, Sub-Saharan --- Switzerland --- Foreign relations --- History --- World politics --- Neutralism --- International relations --- Buffer states --- Intervention (International law) --- Isolationism --- Nonalignment --- Prize law --- Region of war --- Unneutral service --- War, Maritime (International law) --- War (International law) --- Anti-colonialism --- Colonial affairs --- Colonialism --- Neocolonialism --- Imperialism --- Non-self-governing territories --- Colonization --- Law and legislation --- Africa, Black --- Africa, Subsaharan --- Africa, Tropical --- Africa South of the Sahara --- Black Africa --- Sub-Sahara Africa --- Sub-Saharan Africa --- Subsahara Africa --- Subsaharan Africa --- Tropical Africa --- CH (Switzerland) --- Confederatio Helvetica --- Confédération de huit cantons --- Confédération suisse --- Confederazione svizzera --- Confederaziun svizra --- Eidgenossenschaft (Swiss Confederation) --- Everlasting League --- Four Forest Cantons --- Helvetia --- Helvetic Confederation --- Lega elvetica --- Schweiz --- Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft --- Schweizerische Eidtgenossenschaft --- Shṿaits --- Shveĭt︠s︡arii︠a︡ --- Shveytsʻaria --- Suisse --- Suisu --- Suiza --- Sŭwisŭ --- Sveitsi --- Sviṭzaralaiṇḍa --- Svizra --- Svizzera --- Swiss Confederation --- Swisserland --- Vier Waldstätte --- Zvicra --- Zwitserland --- スイス --- Helvetic Republic --- Humanities --- The Cold War