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This special issue of JCM ‘The Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis’ will walk the Readers across novel diagnostic achievements in atherosclerosis and contemporary actions towards optimizing therapy.Everything begins with diagnosis. Accurate diagnostic tools and tests are of utmost importance. Contemporary research on microparticles, non-coding RNAs, proteomic characterization, …, offers detailed molecular characteristics of athero-thrombosis.Prevention is equally important as treatment. The impact of eating habits in prophylaxis of many pathologies, including cardiovascular disease has been documented.Then new pharmacological agents. Managing hypercholesterolemia with PCSK9 inhibitors, shown great potential in efficient lipid lowering to achieve LDL-C treatment goals, as well as reduction in cardiovascular mortality and morbidity.However, therapeutic goals accomplishment requires supervision. Arising number of data support that cardiovascular risk prediction can be improved with imaging modalities displaying atheroma: carotid plaque ultrasonography, coronary calcium score, intravascular ultrasonography, and optical coherent tomography or many others.As atherosclerosis is a progressive disease, it comes the time for more radical management, including endovascular and surgical intervention. There is field for new stent and equipment technologies, new surgical and endovascular techniques, supervision of endovascular procedures with IVUS, OCT, functional flow assessment or cell therapy.From diagnosis to risk stratification, elaborated prevention models, finally to modern and optimized therapeutic intervention.

familial hypercholesterolemia --- genetic screening --- atherosclerosis prevention --- early detection --- atherosclerosis --- cigarette smoking --- miR-27b --- peripheral artery disease --- subclinical atherosclerosis --- SCORE --- Framingham --- QRISK --- PROCAM --- cardiovascular risk --- pulse wave velocity --- intima media thickness --- malondialdehyde low-density lipoprotein --- high-risk plaque --- coronary computed tomography angiography --- statin --- cardiovascular risk factors --- heart failure --- major cardiac and cerebral ischemic events --- degenerative aortic stenosis --- risk stratification --- vascular resistance --- cardiovascular disease --- acute myocardial infarction --- intravascular imaging --- statins --- control-theoretic model --- logistic growth --- coronary artery disease --- fibrin clot --- fibrinolysis --- thromboembolism --- carotid intima-media complex --- carotid plaque --- major adverse cardiac and cerebral events --- prevention --- scores --- vitamin D --- myocardial infarction --- males --- Coronary Artery Surgery Study Score --- n/a

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Unhealthy food intake and insufficient physical activities are related to obesity or lifestyle diseases, which can cause cardiovascular diseases, ultimately leading to death. However, many people are not aware of the importance of these factors, especially before cardiovascular development, although there are several good food habits that can be adopted. After the development of obesity or lifestyle diseases, nutrition and exercise control with appropriate medical therapies are required. Still, many patients do not recognize the importance of these habits. After cardiovascular disease development, nutrition and exercise with optimal medical and/or interventional therapies are required. However, some patients are not able to control their food intake and physical activities. At the advanced stage of heart failure, many things are restricted, including food intake and quality of life issues. At the end of life, nutritional care should be discussed. This book, Nutrition, Exercise, and End-of-Life Discussion in the Cardiovascular Field, addresses the importance of nutrition control before and after cardiovascular disease development, which consists of 14 peer-reviewed papers that cover the general population and patients with end-stage cardiovascular diseases.

milk intake --- mortality --- stroke --- Bayesian survival analysis --- time-to-event data --- JACC study --- unhealthy eating habits --- accumulation --- obesity --- central obesity --- general Japanese population --- atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease --- polyunsaturated fatty acids --- eicosapentaenoic acid --- docosahexaenoic acid --- arachidonic acid --- descriptive study --- heart failure --- vitamin D --- big data --- heart failure with preserved ejection fraction --- geriatric nutritional risk index --- behavioral modification stages --- nutrition counseling --- patient education --- acute coronary syndrome --- healthy behaviors --- diet --- legumes --- fish --- red/processed meat --- physical activity --- anxiety --- depression --- season --- calorie intake --- hospitalization --- malnutrition --- D-dimer --- intervention --- elderly --- cardiovascular mortality --- selenium --- coenzyme Q10 --- acylcarnitine --- brain natriuretic peptide --- cardiac function --- cardiomyopathy --- carnitine deficiency --- CPT2 --- end-stage kidney disease --- free fatty acid --- hemodialysis --- continuous glucose monitoring --- glucose fluctuation --- intracranial artery stenosis --- mean amplitude of glycemic excursions --- standard deviation --- palliative care --- end-of-life care discussion --- advance care planning --- food intake --- artificial nutrition --- onco-cardiology --- nutrition status --- cancer --- acute myocardial infarction --- plant-based dietary patterns --- grains --- nuts --- fruits --- vegetables --- cardiovascular disease --- n/a

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Heart failure prevalence continues to rise globally. Regardless of the underlying etiology, heart failure remains a progressive disease, largely irreversible and end-stage heart failure requires transplantation. Book focuses on the challenges and recent advances of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of heart failure with or without associated comorbidities. We hope that readers will appreciate the wide breadth of topics and clinical utility of the articles and reviews included to this book collection.

biomarkers --- ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction --- preserved left ventricular ejection fraction --- reduced left ventricular ejection fraction --- heart failure --- NT-proBNP --- soluble ST2 --- galectin-3 --- matrix metalloproteinases --- tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases --- mortality --- ejection fraction --- cardiopulmonary exercise test --- ventilatory inefficiency --- angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor --- echocardiography --- HFrEF --- risk stratification --- left ventricle end-diastolic diameter --- E/e’ ratio --- left ventricle outflow tract velocity-time integral --- hospitalization predictor --- short-term prognosis --- heart failure readmission --- acute myocardial infarction --- blood biomarkers --- diagnosis --- congestion --- clinical assessment --- preserved ejection fraction --- type 2 diabetes mellitus --- myocardial infarction --- chronic heart failure --- heart rate variability --- 2D echocardiography --- 24-h ECG monitoring --- chronic kidney disease --- pulmonary hypertension --- arteriovenous fistulas --- overhydration --- heart transplant --- cardiac allograft vasculopathy --- heart transplant rejection --- transthoracic echocardiography --- longitudinal strain --- sensing parameters --- pacing parameters --- adverse left ventricular remodeling --- left ventricular-arterial coupling --- fatty liver --- cardiovascular disease --- fibrosis --- epicardial fat --- left atrial strain --- edema --- dilated cardiomyopathy --- fluid management --- endothelial dysfunction --- n/a --- angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor --- E/e' ratio

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Cardiac biomarkers such as troponins and natiuretic peptides have made a great impact on clinical decision making as well as improving our understanding of molecular mechanisms of different disease conditions. However, the biomarkers that are currently in use do not reflect all the multiple disease pathways that are involved in a broad spectrum of cardiac disease conditions ranging from acute coronary syndrome, to heart failure (and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, HFpEF), to pulmonary hypertension or arrhythmias. In this Special Issue, we will provide an overview of the current developments in the field of biomarker research, beginning with research on molecular pathways and cellular communication (e.g., microRNA) up to the clinical use of biomarkers.

diet quality --- ceramides --- obesity --- cardiovascular risk --- healthy eating index --- carbohydrate antigen-125 --- heart failure --- inflammatory marker --- older women --- biomarker --- cardiometabolic disease --- epicardial adipose tissue --- epicardial fat --- epicardial fat volume --- microRNA --- thyroid-stimulating hormone --- cardiometabolic risks --- metabolic syndrome --- hypertension --- very low-density lipoprotein --- STIM1 --- SOCE --- atrial myopathy --- atrial fibrillation --- ejection fraction --- soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) --- growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) --- heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) --- soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2) --- acute myocardial infarction --- biomarkers --- catestatin --- coronary artery disease --- heart failure decompensation --- left ventricular ejection fraction --- troponin --- NT-proBNP --- NYHA functional class --- GDF-15 --- cardiovascular surgery --- operative risk --- muscle wasting --- sarcopenia --- renal dysfunction --- chronic kidney disease --- aortic disease --- aneurysm --- miRNA --- TGF-β pathway --- KLF4 --- synthetic phenotype --- aortic regurgitation --- echocardiography --- magnetic resonance imaging --- vena contracta area --- longitudinal strain --- T1 mapping --- GDF8 --- myostatin --- AMI --- ceruloplasmin --- H-FABP --- heart-type fatty acid-binding protein --- FABP3 --- fatty acid-binding protein 3 --- HF --- cardiac biomarkers --- cardiac magnetic resonance imaging --- left ventricular systolic function --- magnetic resonance spectroscopy --- myocardial triglyceride content --- cell adhesion molecule --- repeated measurements --- pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A --- cohort studies --- cardiovascular diseases --- mitochondrial dysfunction --- circulating cells --- PBMCS --- platelets --- oxidative stress --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) --- herat failure --- liver-type fatty-acid-binding protein --- long-term outcomes --- cardiac intensive care units --- acute kidney injury --- myocardial infarction --- STEMI --- cardiovascular events --- cardiovascular death --- risk stratification --- sST2 --- Pentraxin-3 --- sudden cardiac death --- ventricular arrhythmia --- ventricular tachycardia --- chronic heart failure --- saliva --- salivary biomarkers --- CKD --- CVD --- PPCI --- left ventricular adverse remodelling --- circulating miRNAs --- NAFLD --- Framingham risk score --- risk prediction --- secondary prevention --- primary prevention --- NAFLD fibrosis score --- HFpEF --- HFrEF --- suPAR --- n/a