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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

high risk prostate cancer --- androgen deprivation therapy --- radical prostatecomy --- recurrent prostate cancer --- radiation therapy

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The number of males diagnosed with prostate cancer (PCa) is increasing all over the world. Most patients with early-stage PCa can be treated with appropriate therapy, such as radical prostatectomy or irradiation. On the other hand, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the standard systemic therapy given to patients with advanced PCa. ADT induces temporary remission, but the majority of patients (approximately 60%) eventually progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which is associated with a high mortality rate. Generally, well-differentiated PCa cells are androgen dependent, i.e., androgen receptor (AR) signalling regulates cell cycle and differentiation. The loss of AR signalling after ADT triggers androgen-independent outgrowth, generating poorly differentiated, uncontrollable PCa cells. Once PCa cells lose their sensitivity to ADT, effective therapies are limited. In the last few years, however, several new options for the treatment of CRPC have been approved, e.g., the CYP17 inhibitor, the AR antagonist, and the taxane. Despite this progress in the development of new drugs, there is a high medical need for optimizing the sequence and combination of approved drugs. Thus, the identification of predictive biomarkers may help in the context of personalized medicine to guide treatment decisions, improve clinical outcomes, and prevent unnecessary side effects. In this Special Issue Book, we focused on the cytobiology of human PCa cells and its clinical applications to develop a major step towards personalized medicine matched to the individual needs of patients with early-stage and advanced PCa and CRPC. We hope that this Special Issue Book attracts the attention of readers with expertise and interest in the cytobiology of PCa cells.

androgen receptor --- docetaxel --- cabazitaxel --- castration-resistant prostate cancer --- chemotherapy --- P-glycoprotein --- EPI-002 --- splice variant --- prostate-specific antigen --- androgen deprivation therapy --- time to PSA nadir --- fibroblasts --- prostate cancer --- androgen sensitivity --- pirfenidone --- TGFβ1 --- G1 cell cycle arrest --- fibroblast growth factor --- fibroblast growth factor receptor --- obesity --- inflammation --- immune cells --- cytokine --- high-fat diet --- KIFC1 --- docetaxel resistance --- apoptosis --- CW069 --- Caveolin-1 --- TP53-regulated inhibitor of apoptosis 1 --- tumour stroma --- tumour microenvironment --- fibroblast --- CAF --- resistance --- radiotherapy --- CCL2 --- CCL22 --- CCL5 --- migration --- LSD1 --- epigenetics --- autophagy --- abiraterone --- enzalutamide --- testosterone --- castration resistant prostate cancer --- animal model --- diet --- fat --- in vitro --- in vivo --- mouse --- AKR1C3 --- hormone-naïve prostate cancer --- immunohistochemistry --- tissue microarray --- androgen receptor dependency --- fibroblast-dependent androgen receptor activation --- n/a --- hormone-naïve prostate cancer

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Cancer is a great challenge to efficient therapy due to biological diversity. Disturbed oxidative homeostasis in cancer cells certainly contributes to differential therapy response. Further, one of the hallmarks of cancer cells is adaptation which includes fine tuning of the cellular metabolic and signalling pathways as well as transcription profiles. There are several factors which contribute to the tumor diversity and therapy response, and oxidative stress is certainly one of them. Changes in oxygen levels due to hypoxia/reoxygenation during tumor growth modulate antioxidative patterns finally supporting increased cell diversity and adaptation to stressing conditions. Additionally, cancer chemotherapy based on ROS production can also induce also adaptation. To counteract these negative effects natural products are often used for their antioxidant activities as well as photodynamic therapy supported by novel chemosensitizers. Understanding of possible pathways which can trigger antioxidant defence at a certain time during cancer development can also provide possible strategies in fighting cancer.

NQO1 --- NQO1*2 --- polymorphism --- quinone --- breast cancer --- menadione --- lapachone --- doxorubicin --- ascorbate --- oxidative stress --- reactive oxygen species --- sperm --- cancer chemotherapy --- antioxidant therapy --- antioxidant proteins --- chemoresistance --- oxaliplatin --- 5-Fluorouracil --- myelodysplastic syndromes --- carbonylation --- deferasirox --- ovary --- calcium channel --- Trolox --- granulosa cell tumor --- cell death --- mitochondria --- photodynamic therapy --- singlet oxygen --- nitric oxide --- light --- combination therapy --- antioxidants --- bleomycin --- cancer treatment --- chemotherapy-induced toxicity --- cisplatin --- free radicals --- methotrexate --- ozone therapy --- lung cancer --- cancer metabolism --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- therapy resistance --- new therapeutic strategies --- breast cancer stem cells --- 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal --- extracellular matrix --- NRF2 --- bardoxolone methyl --- prostate cancer --- castration-resistant prostate cancer --- androgen receptor (AR), AR-V7 --- anti-androgen --- enzalutamide --- androgen deprivation therapy --- cancer --- antioxidant --- triphala --- ayurveda --- chemoprevention and chemotherapy --- n/a

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This book describes the recent advances in natural product chemistry and biodiversity in the Red Sea. All previous marine natural products isolated from different Red Sea organisms and microbes were collected in a comprehensive review. Additionally, newly discovered marine natural products and their biological activities are described.

Aspergillus falconensis --- OSMAC --- azaphilones --- X-ray diffraction --- NF-κB inhibition --- LC-HRESIMS --- Stylissa carteri --- ceramide --- cerebroside --- docking --- cytotoxic activity --- co-cultivation --- phenazine --- sponge-associated actinomycetes --- antibacterial --- antibiofilm --- DNA gyrase --- pyruvate kinase --- ergosterol derivative --- metabolic analysis --- docking studies --- seagrass --- Thalassodendron ciliatum --- Red Sea sponges --- marine actinomycetes --- Streptomyces coelicolor LY001 --- halogenated 3-phenylpropanoic acid derivatives --- diketopiperazine alkaloids --- structural determinations --- antimicrobial activities --- Red Sea --- marine natural products --- marine organisms --- biodiversity --- marine metagenomics --- bioactivity --- Sinularia polydactyla --- soft coral --- steroids --- cytotoxic --- anti-inflammatory --- neuroprotective --- androgen receptor --- Actinokineospora --- Rhodococcus --- co-culture --- metabolomics --- antimalarial --- epicotripeptin --- phragamide --- Epicoccum --- Alternaria --- antimicrobial --- n/a

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Carotenoids are a group of approximately 600 compounds synthesized by photosynthetic organisms. These pigments are abundant in fruits and vegetables, as well as in certain animal products such as eggs and salmon, being responsible for their colorful appearance. The bioactive properties of certain carotenoids in human health are clear, as some of these compounds have antioxidant properties and serve as the only precursors of vitamin A in nature. The aim of this Special Issue entitled “Carotenoids and Human Health” is to provide the scientific community with an updated perspective of this exciting and growing research area. We compiled 19 papers from some of the most prominent scientists in the carotenoid field, including seven literature reviews and 12 original publication, covering topics such as cancer, obesity, vision, cognitive function, and skin health.

membrane transporters --- RAR --- browning --- astaxanthin --- Vitamin A --- case-control study --- ?-carotene --- transcriptomic analysis --- new-born --- carotenes --- cancer-related cognitive impairment --- androgen --- beta-carotene --- eicosapentanoic acid --- mango by-products --- mangiferin --- cell culture --- chronic disease --- Akkermansia --- animal --- intestine --- carotenoids --- alcoholic fatty liver disease --- Phaeodactylum tricornutum --- carotenoid --- tomato --- colourless carotenoids --- preterm mothers --- inflammation --- ?-Cryptoxanthin --- adipocytes --- vitamin A --- gastric cancer --- food ingredients --- brain --- gut microbiota --- zeaxanthin --- nutricosmetics --- brown adipose tissue --- bioactive compounds --- breastfeeding --- aging --- oxidative stress --- retinoids --- phytofluene --- glaucoma --- H. pylori --- retinoid --- tomato extract --- retinol --- ?-cryptoxanthin --- microalgae --- fucoxanthin --- obesity --- macular pigment --- carotene --- photoprotection --- adipose tissue --- lutein --- metabolic syndrome --- Caenorhabditis elegans --- functional foods --- beta-cryptoxanthin --- retinoic acid --- nutrition --- lycopene --- bioavailability --- nutraceuticals --- adipocyte --- ?-tocopherol --- phytoene --- memory --- cosmeceuticals --- antioxidants --- mature milk --- RXR --- fat reduction --- xanthophylls --- colostrum --- smoking --- overweight --- provitamin A --- public health --- Korea --- ?-carotene oxygenase 1 --- cognition --- full-term mothers --- hippocampus --- alpha-carotene --- prostate cancer --- hypertension