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Aussi familier soit-il, le désaccord déconcerte et déroute. Qu'on s'en délecte ou qu'on le fuit, objet secret de désir ou de crainte, le désaccord reste une énigme. Le concept, sans cesse, se dérobe et résiste. Il échappe aux tentatives de le réduire à une définition trop étroite, sans souplesse ni texture. À contre-courant des idées reçues, à rebours de la doxa philosophique, le présent ouvrage travaille à révéler l'unité structurelle et la valeur profonde du désaccord. Dès lors, les vingt-trois contributions réunies ici en dévoilent le sens et la grandeur, par contraste avec ce qu'il n'est pas. Dans la diversité des approches, elles incitent à une conversion du regard et permettent de percevoir le désaccord comme une occasion, une chance et une richesse. Elles aident à en cerner la variété des fonctions, logiques et usages. Une variété qui, tout compte fait, raconte l'histoire de la démocratie - sa complexité et les doutes permanents qui l'habitent. Distincts et pourtant complémentaires, tous ces points de vue éclairent un même enjeu, d'une actualité brûlante : la liberté et les défis posés par sa pratique. En effet, que serait la liberté sans la possibilité même du désaccord, sans les occasions multiples, et parfois contradictoires, de le faire valoir, de le revendiquer, de l'assumer ? Une coquille vide et un terrain sur lequel rien ne pousse ! Arpenter le chemin démocratique du désaccord, n'est-ce pas, dès lors, redonner à la liberté son courage et sa vitalité?.

Freedom of expression.

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About the publication This report contains an in depth analysis of the muted right to freedom of expression in Eritrea. The number and forms of human rights violations related to the curtailing of free speech have been and continue to be well documented across the globe. This discourse identifies the right to free reception of information and expression as the bedrock to realising and maintaining the rule of law. Investigated herein is the historical background to the political evolution of the small African state and the social impact of the prevailing human rights violations. This report contains a compilation of human rights violations as determined by international treaty bodies, interviews with Eritrean witnesses and diaspora in exile and civil society reports on the human rights situation. It is argued in the report that the absence of the rule of law in Eritrea is directly attributed to the collapse of free expression as political forces see this right as a threat to their power base – a form of suppression that has nullified all human rights and freedoms and might well damage its people beyond repair. Table of Contents Preface List of abbreviations List of Eritrean print and electronic media Acknowledgments Executive summary English Executive summary French Executive summary Tigrinya Executive summary Arabic Introduction Contextualising the rule of law in Eritrea Eritrea’s human rights obligations and rule of law Non-Implementation of the Eritrean Constitution Suppression of free expression as an attack on the rule of law in Eritrea Prelude to dictatorship: Human rights before September 2001 The Crackdown of September 2001 Free expression in Eritrea today: Effects of widespread reprisals Closure of non-state media houses Collapse of the journalistic profession in Eritrea Internet censorship From arbitrary arrests to subtle control of the message Pervasive editorial spin The ‘03’ rumour system Suppression of foreign and diaspora media Reporting the work of the courts Eritrea’s international relations Awareness of the dangers of refugee flight Rebirth of independent journalism Recommendations Annex I: Compilation of recorded human rights violations related to free speech Arbitrary arrest and detention Torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment Death in custody Annex II: Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: Eritrea I. Recommendations accepted II. Recommendations that do not enjoy the support of Eritrea

Rule of law --- Freedom of expression --- Human rights --- Eritrea. --- human rights human rights violations freedom of expression Eritrea violations

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Censorship in varying forms has been part of human experience for 2,500 years and has proved itself to be a recurring presence for political thought, whether as active repression, a shaping context for expression, or as itself a subject for analysis and argument. From the death of Socrates to the fatwa against Salman Rushdie, attempts to silence thinkers and writers have provoked passionate and often penetrating responses that speak of their historical moment. Censorship Moments will provide short, accessible and stimulating access to a variety of these responses. Each chapter will couple a short textual 'moment' of writing on censorship and freedom of expression by a past writer with analysis by an expert current scholar. The book's main focus is the public political dimension of censorship, in its relation to political authority and political thought, while also reflecting on the porous boundary to literature and other areas such as law and the media.

Freedom of expression. --- Censorship --- History. --- Expression, Freedom of --- Free expression --- Liberty of expression --- Civil rights --- Book history --- Human rights

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Can the rules of the European Union’s E-Commerce Directive, which date back to the year 2000, continue to be valid with regard to the dissemination of content in view of the constantly evolving online environment and the changing role of platforms as a result of new business models? The relevant legal foundations in this respect at EU and national level are complex, and their interplay is often unclear. The resulting uncertainty about who is responsible and therefore liable for certain content requires a critical review of the current legal framework. This study, conducted by the Institute of European Media Law (EMR) on behalf of the State Media Authority NRW, analyses the current legal framework and reveals ways of enforcing the applicable provisions concerning illegal content. It pays special attention to the need for reform of the E-Commerce Directive in light of the changing role of platforms. Können die Regelungen der bereits im Jahr 2000 verabschiedeten europäischen E-Commerce-Richtlinie angesichts der sich stetig weiterentwickelnden Online-Welt und der auf neuen Geschäftsmodellen beruhenden veränderten Rolle von Plattformen bei der Inhalteverbreitung fortbestehen? Die einschlägigen Rechtsgrundlagen auf EU- und nationaler Ebene sind vielschichtig und das Zusammenspiel oftmals unklar. Die daraus resultierende Unsicherheit darüber, wer für einen Inhalt verantwortlich und daher haftbar ist, erfordert die Überprüfung des geltenden Rechtsrahmens. Die vom Institut für Europäisches Medienrecht (EMR) im Auftrag der Landesanstalt für Medien NRW erstellte Studie analysiert den aktuellen Rechtsrahmen und zeigt rechtliche Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten der Rechtsdurchsetzung bei als rechtswidrig einzustufenden Inhalten auf. Besonderes Augenmerk wird dabei auf den Reformbedarf der E-Commerce-Richtlinie vor dem Hintergrund der sich wandelnden Rolle von Plattformen gelegt.

Digital media --- Electronic commerce --- Freedom of expression --- Law and legislation --- European Parliament. --- E-Commerce Directive --- content dissemination --- online content

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In an age of smartphones, Facebook, and YouTube, privacy may seem to be a norm of the past. This book addresses ethical and legal questions thatarise when media technologies are used to give individuals unwanted attention. Drawing from a broad range of cases within the U.S., U.K., Australia,Europe, and elsewhere, Mark Tunick asks whether privacy interests can ever be weightier than society’s interest in free speech and access to information.Taking a comparative and interdisciplinary approach, and drawing on the work of political theorist Jeremy Waldron concerning toleration, the book argues that we can still have a legitimate interest in controlling theextent to which information about us is disseminated. The book begins by exploring why privacy and free speech are valuable, before developing a framework for weighing these conflicting values. By taking up key cases in the U.S. and Europe, and the debate about a “right to be forgotten,” Tunick discusses the potential costs of limiting free speech, and points to legal remedies and other ways to develop new social attitudes to privacy in an age of instant information sharing.This book will be of great interest to students of privacy law, legal ethics,internet governance, and media law in general.

Freedom of expression. --- Privacy, Right of. --- Social media --- Law and legislation. --- Expression, Freedom of --- Free expression --- Liberty of expression --- Civil rights --- Invasion of privacy --- Privacy, Right of --- Right of privacy --- Libel and slander --- Personality (Law) --- Press law --- Computer crimes --- Confidential communications --- Data protection --- Right to be forgotten --- Secrecy --- Law and legislation --- Freedom of expression --- free speech --- internet governance --- legal ethics --- media --- privacy --- social media