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Prisons have always existed in a climate of crisis. The penitentiary emerged in the early decades of the nineteenth century as an enlightened alternative to brute punishment, one that would focus on rehabilitation and the inculcation of mainstream social values. Central to this goal was physical labour. The penitentiary was constructed according to a plan that would harness the energies of the prison population for economic profit. As such, the institution became central to the development of industrial capitalist society. In the 1830s, politicians in Upper Canada embraced the idea of the penitentiary, and the first federal prison, Kingston Penitentiary, opened in 1835. It was not long, however, before the government of Upper Canada was compelled to acknowledge that the penitentiary had not only failed to reduce crime but was plagued by insolvency, corruption, and violence. Thus began a lengthy program of prison reform.Tracing the rise and evolution of Canadian penitentiaries in the nineteenth century, Hard Time examines the concepts of criminality and rehabilitation, the role of labour in penal regimes, and the problem of violence. Linking the lives of prisoners to the political economy and to movements for social change, McCoy depicts a history of oppression in which prisoners paid dearly for the reciprocal failures of the institution and of the reform vision. Revealing a deeply problematic institu- tion entrenched in the landscape of Western society, McCoy redraws the boundaries within which we understand the penitentiary’s influence.

Prisons --- Prisoners --- Convict labor --- Prison reformers --- Punishment --- Criminals --- History --- Social conditions --- Rehabilitation --- Crime and criminals --- Delinquents --- Offenders --- Persons --- Crime --- Criminal justice, Administration of --- Criminology --- Penalties (Criminal law) --- Penology --- Corrections --- Impunity --- Retribution --- Lease system --- Prison labor --- Forced labor --- Social reformers --- Convicts --- Correctional institutions --- Imprisoned persons --- Incarcerated persons --- Prison inmates --- Inmates of institutions --- Dungeons --- Gaols --- Penitentiaries --- Imprisonment --- Prison-industrial complex --- Inmates

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In 2020, a Special Issue titled “Sustainable Rural Development: Strategies, Good Practices and Opportunities” was launched, in which 16 papers were published. The aim of this monograph was to study a problem that is occurring on a global scale and, above all, in the most developed countries, which is the population emigration from rural areas to urban areas due to the labour and service opportunities offered by the latter. This is causing a demographic deterioration of rural areas, and those that remain show high rates of ageing, masculinisation, or low demographic growth. In addition, and interrelated with this demographic deterioration, there is economic and environmental degradation. Rural areas are territories with increasingly lower purchasing power, job opportunities, and services for the population, which are classified as “spaces in crisis”. The papers in this Special Issue evidence the many public and private strategies that are being pursued to achieve sustainable rural development in declining areas. The diversity of approaches offer a vision of the practical application and the obstacles or difficulties that many of them are having to achieve their objectives. All of these strategies are intended to achieve economic dynamism that is respectful of the environment and from there to be able to reduce the regressive demographic processes in rural areas. These are different approaches that allow us to contribute, from scientific, holistic, and multidisciplinary knowledge, and they can help decision making in public policy and planning strategies.

industrial land --- price --- geographically weighted regression model --- driving factors --- rural land system reform pilot --- land lease market --- decision making --- forest market factors --- rural land rights --- China --- hunting tourism --- natural protected area --- sustainable development --- land use change --- analyze --- Shortandy district --- smart villages --- EU instruments --- rural decline --- rural areas --- information and communication technologies --- rural residential construction --- rainwater harvesting --- solar --- spray foam --- finger-jointed studs --- Proder Program --- management system --- economic diversification --- bottom-up approach --- regional identity --- territorial heritage --- rural areas in decline --- rural enhancement --- top-down approach --- collaborative governance --- low-density populated areas --- sustainable urban growth --- technological era --- complex spatial models --- land-use planning --- sustainable rural development --- regional composite indicators --- vulnerability --- ecosystem services --- goal programming --- analytic hierarchy process --- data envelopment analysis --- Spain --- accessibility --- GIS --- partnerships --- population --- rural territory --- territorial planning --- neo-endogenous rural development --- LEADER approach --- classification and types of rural areas --- good practices --- rural depopulation and aging --- young and female entrepreneurs --- entrepreneurship --- funded and unfunded projects --- Andalusia --- rural landscape --- intensive agriculture --- landscape transformation --- socioeconomic and environmental impacts --- agroecological production --- public institutions --- rurality --- fishing tourism --- European fishing funds --- Galicia (Spain) --- local action group --- rural development --- industrial district --- local productive system --- rural district --- n/a