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Waiting for the Unicorn : Poems and Lyrics of China's Last Dynasty, 1644–1911
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ISBN: 0253053226 Year: 1986 Publisher: Indiana University Press

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This is the first comprehensive English anthology of poetry from China's last great dynasty, the period 1644-1911. Waiting for the Unicorn is a direct descendant of Sunflower Splendor. After that seminal volume was published, it became clear that many scholars and students wanted more detailed coverage of specific dynasties. The Ch'ing Dynasty was the obvious place to start. This volume presents the works of seventy-two individual poets from Sung Wan (1614-1673) to Ch'iu Chin (1877-1907) and Wang Kuo-wei (1877-1927). Over forty scholars in the United States and Canada have been working together with Professors Lo and Schultz for more than half a dozen years in the selection and preparation of these translations. Besides the translations themselves, there is a short bio-critical essay on each poet and an introduction by the editors.

Bringing the World Home : Appropriating the West in Late Qing and Early Republican China
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ISBN: 9780824874018 0824874013 0824828380 9780824828387 Year: 2005 Publisher: University of Hawai'i Press

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Bringing the World Home sheds new light on China’s vibrant cultural life between 1895 and 1919—a crucial period that marks a watershed between the conservative old regime and the ostensibly iconoclastic New Culture of the 1920s. Although generally overlooked in the effort to understand modern Chinese history, the era has much to teach us about cultural accommodation and is characterized by its own unique intellectual life. This original and probing work traces the most significant strands of the new post-1895 discourse, concentrating on the anxieties inherent in a complicated process of cultural transformation. It focuses principally on how the need to accommodate the West was reflected in such landmark novels of the period as Wu Jianren’s Strange Events Eyewitnessed in the Past Twenty Years and Zhu Shouju’s Tides of the Huangpu, which began serial publication in Shanghai in 1916. The negative tone of these narratives contrasts sharply with the facile optimism that characterizes the many essays on the "New Novel" appearing in the popular press of the time. Neither iconoclasm nor the wholesale embrace of the new could square the contradicting intellectual demands imposed by the momentous alternatives presenting themselves.An electronic version of this book is freely available thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched, a collaborative initiative designed to make high-quality books open access for the public good. The open-access version of this book is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which means that the work may be freely downloaded and shared for non-commercial purposes, provided credit is given to the author. Derivative works and commercial uses require permission from the publisher.


Book
Christian literature in Chinese contexts
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ISBN: 3039218433 3039218425 Year: 2019 Publisher: MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

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Christianity in China has a history dating back to the Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE), when Allopen—the first Nestorian missionary—arrived there in 635. In the late sixteenth century, Matteo Ricci together with other Jesuit missionaries commenced the Catholic missions to China. Protestant Christianity in China began with Robert Morrison, of London Missionary Society, who first set foot in Canton in 1807. Over the centuries, the Western missionaries and Chinese believers were engaged in the enterprise of the translation, publication, and distribution of a large corpus of Christian literature in Chinese. While the extensive distribution of Chinese publications facilitated the propagation of Christianity, the Christian messages have been subtly re-presented, re-appropriated, and transformed by these works of Chinese Christian literature. This Special Issue entitled “Christian Literature in Chinese Contexts” examines the multifarious dimensions of the production, translation, circulation, and reception of Christian literature (with “Christian” and “literature” in their broadest sense) against the cultural and sociopolitical contexts from the Tang period to modern China. The eight articles in this volume cover a variety of intriguing topics, including the literary/translation endeavors of Western missionaries in Chinese, the indigenous works of the Chinese Christians, the interaction between the Christian and Chinese literary traditions, Chinese reception of the Bible, and numerous other relevant concepts.


Book
Frontier encounters : knowledge and practice at the Russian, Chinese and Mongolian border
Authors: --- --- --- ---
ISBN: 9781906924898 9781906924904 1906924899 1906924880 9781906924881 1906924872 9781906924874 1906924902 9781906924911 1906924910 2821854056 Year: 2012 Publisher: Cambridge : OpenBook Publishers,

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"China and Russia are rising economic and political powers that share thousands of miles of border. Yet, despite their proximity, their practical, local interactions with each other -- and with their third neighbour Mongolia -- are rarely discussed. The three countries share a boundary, but their traditions, languages and worldviews are remarkably different. Frontier Encounters presents a wide range of views on how the borders between these unique countries are enacted, produced, and crossed. It sheds light on global uncertainties: China's search for energy resources and the employment of its huge population, Russia's fear of Chinese migration, and the precarious economic independence of Mongolia as its neighbours negotiate to extract its plentiful resources. Bringing together anthropologists, sociologists and economists, this timely collection of essays offers new perspectives on an area that is currently of enormous economic, strategic and geo-political relevance. This collective volume is the outcome of a network project funded by the ESRC (RES-075-25_0022) entitled 'Where Empires Meet: The Border Economies of Russia, China and Mongolia'. The project, based at the Mongolia and Inner Asia Studies Unit (University of Cambridge), ran from 28 January 2010 to 27 January 2011"--Provided by publisher.


Book
Boundaries and Beyond : China's Maritime Southeast in Late Imperial Times
Authors: ---
ISBN: 9789814722445 9814722448 9814722014 Year: 2017 Publisher: Singapore NUS Press

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Using the concept of boundaries, physical and cultural, to understand the development of China’s maritime southeast in late Imperial times, these linked essays by a senior scholar challenge the usual readings of Chinese history from the centre. The book begins with the boundaries between “us” and “them”, Chinese and other, during this period, including the rise of state systems. It looks at the challenges to such demarcations posed by movements of people, goods and ideas across maritime East Asia and the broader Asian Seas, and builds a fresh understanding of China’s boundaries.Of interest to students of migration, of Chinese history, and of relations between China and its region, Ng’s analysis provides crucial background to understanding China within Asia’s maritime world. The result is a novel way of approaching Chinese history, argued from a fresh perspective on China’s relations with neighbouring territories, and of the nature of tradition and its persistence in a changing world.

Keywords

Merchant marine --- Maritime history --- History. --- China --- Commerce --- Foreign economic relations --- History --- Cina --- Kinë --- Cathay --- Chinese National Government --- Chung-kuo kuo min cheng fu --- Republic of China (1912-1949) --- Kuo min cheng fu (China : 1912-1949) --- Chung-hua min kuo (1912-1949) --- Kina (China) --- National Government (1912-1949) --- China (Republic : 1912-1949) --- People's Republic of China --- Chinese People's Republic --- Chung-hua jen min kung ho kuo --- Central People's Government of Communist China --- Chung yang jen min cheng fu --- Chung-hua chung yang jen min kung ho kuo --- Central Government of the People's Republic of China --- Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo --- Zhong hua ren min gong he guo --- Kitaĭskai︠a︡ Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika --- Činská lidová republika --- RRT --- Republik Rakjat Tiongkok --- KNR --- Kytaĭsʹka Narodna Respublika --- Jumhūriyat al-Ṣīn al-Shaʻbīyah --- RRC --- Kitaĭ --- Kínai Népköztársaság --- Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku --- Erets Sin --- Sin --- Sāthāranarat Prachāchon Čhīn --- P.R. China --- PR China --- PRC --- P.R.C. --- Chung-kuo --- Zhongguo --- Zhonghuaminguo (1912-1949) --- Zhong guo --- Chine --- République Populaire de Chine --- República Popular China --- Catay --- VR China --- VRChina --- 中國 --- 中国 --- 中华人民共和国 --- Jhongguó --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaxu Dundadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaqu Dumdadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Dundad Ard Uls --- BNKhAU --- БНХАУ --- Khi︠a︡tad --- Kitad --- Dumdadu Ulus --- Dumdad Uls --- Думдад Улс --- Kitajska --- China (Republic : 1949- ) --- South China Sea --- Maritime History --- Fujian --- Guangzhou --- Junk (ship) --- Ming dynasty --- Portuguese people --- Qing dynasty --- Xiamen


Book
Ginseng and Borderland : Territorial Boundaries and Political Relations Between Qing China and Choson Korea, 1636-1912
Author:
ISBN: 0520968719 0520295994 9780520968714 9780520295995 Year: 2017 Publisher: Oakland, California : University of California Press,

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"Ginseng and Borderland explores the territorial boundaries and political relations between Qing China and Chosŏn Korea during the period from the early seventeenth to the late nineteenth centuries. By examining a unique body of materials written in Chinese, Manchu, and Korean, and building on recent studies in New Qing History, Seonmin Kim adds new perspectives to current understandings of the remarkable transformation of the Manchu Qing dynasty (1636-1912) from a tribal state to a universal empire. This book discusses early Manchu history and explores the Qing Empire's policy of controlling Manchuria and Chosŏn Korea. Kim also contributes to the Korean history of the Chosŏn dynasty (1392-1910) by challenging conventional accounts that embrace a China-centered interpretation of the tributary relationship between the two polities, stressing instead the agency of Chosŏn Korea in the formation of the Qing Empire. This study demonstrates how Koreans interpreted and employed this relationship in order to preserve the boundary--and peace--with the suzerain power. By focusing on the historical significance of the China-Korea boundary, this book defines the nature of the Qing Empire through the dynamics of contacts and conflicts under both the cultural and material frameworks of its tributary relationship with Chosŏn Korea"--Provided by publisher.

Keywords

History --- Borderlands --- Ginseng. --- History. --- Korea --- China --- Foreign relations --- Aralia ginseng --- Chinese ginseng --- Genseng --- Panax ginseng --- Panax pseudoginseng --- Panax schinseng --- Border-lands --- Border regions --- Frontiers --- Boundaries --- Cina --- Kinë --- Cathay --- Chinese National Government --- Chung-kuo kuo min cheng fu --- Republic of China (1912-1949) --- Kuo min cheng fu (China : 1912-1949) --- Chung-hua min kuo (1912-1949) --- Kina (China) --- National Government (1912-1949) --- China (Republic : 1912-1949) --- People's Republic of China --- Chinese People's Republic --- Chung-hua jen min kung ho kuo --- Central People's Government of Communist China --- Chung yang jen min cheng fu --- Chung-hua chung yang jen min kung ho kuo --- Central Government of the People's Republic of China --- Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo --- Zhong hua ren min gong he guo --- Kitaĭskai︠a︡ Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika --- Činská lidová republika --- RRT --- Republik Rakjat Tiongkok --- KNR --- Kytaĭsʹka Narodna Respublika --- Jumhūriyat al-Ṣīn al-Shaʻbīyah --- RRC --- Kitaĭ --- Kínai Népköztársaság --- Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku --- Erets Sin --- Sin --- Sāthāranarat Prachāchon Čhīn --- P.R. China --- PR China --- Chung-kuo --- Zhongguo --- Zhonghuaminguo (1912-1949) --- Zhong guo --- Chine --- République Populaire de Chine --- República Popular China --- Catay --- VR China --- VRChina --- 中國 --- 中国 --- 中华人民共和国 --- Jhongguó --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaxu Dundadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaqu Dumdadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Dundad Ard Uls --- Khi︠a︡tad --- Kitad --- Dumdadu Ulus --- Dumdad Uls --- Думдад Улс --- Kitajska --- China (Republic : 1949- ) --- PRC --- P.R.C. --- BNKhAU --- БНХАУ --- 17th to 19th century. --- asian history. --- chinese. --- choson dynasty. --- choson korea. --- country boundaries. --- historical significance. --- international relations. --- korean history. --- korean. --- manchu history. --- manchu qing dynasty. --- manchu. --- new qing history. --- peace. --- political relations. --- qing china. --- south korean history. --- state boundaries. --- suzerain power. --- territorial boundaries. --- tribal state. --- tributary relationship. --- universal empire.


Book
Novel Medicine : Healing, Literature, and Popular Knowledge in Early Modern China
Author:
ISBN: 029580632X 9780295806327 9780295995182 0295995181 Year: 2016 Publisher: University of Washington Press

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"Printed novels, guides to daily life, and practical medical texts were relatively new in sixteenth-century China, but they quickly became popular and influential. Novel Medicine shows how fiction shaped and was shaped by medical discourse and how it popularized practical, vernacular kinds of knowledge. A vibrant exchange among literary, commercial, and medical spheres resulted in a web of texts that produced distinct genealogies of romantic and sexual disease, iconographic lineages of heroic doctors, and medicalized attitudes toward reading. Novel Medicine interrogates how fiction incorporated, created, and disseminated medical knowledge. Conversely, it demonstrates how practical medical texts employed literary devices and figurative strategies to propagate information. Employing interdisciplinary strategies, it examines the dynamic interplay between discourses of fiction and medicine as well as their representations of illnesses and healers. Critical readings of fictional and medical texts, as well as sources such as fiction commentary, criticism, medical manuscripts, newspapers, essays, print images, and biographies inform an understanding of the body in early modern China. These readings also provide a counterpoint to prevailing narratives that focus on the 'literati' aspects of the novel, showing that these texts were not merely read, but were used by a wide variety of readers and for a range of purposes. This inquiry into the intersections of kinds and sources of knowledge--fictional and real, elite and vernacular--illuminates the history of reading and daily life and challenges us to rethink the nature of Chinese literature"--Provided by publisher.

Keywords

Chinese fiction --- Healing in literature. --- Medicine in literature. --- Diseases in literature. --- Medical literature --- Literature and society --- Books and reading --- Popular culture --- Knowledge, Sociology of --- Knowledge, Theory of (Sociology) --- Sociology of knowledge --- Communication --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Public opinion --- Sociology --- Social epistemology --- Literature --- Literature and sociology --- Society and literature --- Sociology and literature --- Sociolinguistics --- Life sciences literature --- Medicine --- Medical care in literature --- Culture, Popular --- Mass culture --- Pop culture --- Popular arts --- Intellectual life --- Mass society --- Recreation --- Culture --- Appraisal of books --- Books --- Choice of books --- Evaluation of literature --- Reading, Choice of --- Reading and books --- Reading habits --- Reading public --- Reading --- Reading interests --- Reading promotion --- History and criticism. --- History. --- Social aspects --- Appraisal --- Evaluation --- Medizin --- Chinesisch --- Literatur --- Qing Dynasty (China) --- Popular culture. --- Medical literature. --- Literature and society. --- Knowledge, Sociology of. --- Chinese fiction. --- HISTORY --- LITERARY CRITICISM --- Medical Writing --- Medicine in Literature. --- Chinese literature --- Language arts --- Elocution --- Hygiene --- Medical sciences --- Public health --- Technical writing --- Criticism --- Literary criticism --- Rhetoric --- Aesthetics --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Ming dynasty. --- Social aspects. --- Asian --- General. --- history. --- history --- Study and teaching --- Authorship --- Technique --- China. --- China (Republic : 1949- ) --- Cina --- Kinë --- Cathay --- Chinese National Government --- Chung-kuo kuo min cheng fu --- Republic of China (1912-1949) --- Kuo min cheng fu (China : 1912-1949) --- Chung-hua min kuo (1912-1949) --- Kina (China) --- National Government (1912-1949) --- China (Republic : 1912-1949) --- People's Republic of China --- Chinese People's Republic --- Chung-hua jen min kung ho kuo --- Central People's Government of Communist China --- Chung yang jen min cheng fu --- Chung-hua chung yang jen min kung ho kuo --- Central Government of the People's Republic of China --- Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo --- Zhong hua ren min gong he guo --- Kitaĭskai︠a︡ Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika --- Činská lidová republika --- RRT --- Republik Rakjat Tiongkok --- KNR --- Kytaĭsʹka Narodna Respublika --- Jumhūriyat al-Ṣīn al-Shaʻbīyah --- RRC --- Kitaĭ --- Kínai Népköztársaság --- Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku --- Erets Sin --- Sin --- Sāthāranarat Prachāchon Čhīn --- P.R. China --- PR China --- PRC --- P.R.C. --- Chung-kuo --- Zhongguo --- Zhonghuaminguo (1912-1949) --- Zhong guo --- Chine --- République Populaire de Chine --- República Popular China --- Catay --- VR China --- VRChina --- 中國 --- 中国 --- 中华人民共和国 --- Jhongguó --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaxu Dundadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaqu Dumdadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Dundad Ard Uls --- BNKhAU --- БНХАУ --- Khi︠a︡tad --- Kitad --- Dumdadu Ulus --- Dumdad Uls --- Думдад Улс --- Kitajska --- Belletristik --- Dichtung --- Schöne Literatur --- Sprachkunst --- Wortkunst --- Buch --- Schriftsteller --- Guoyu --- Kuo-yü --- Putonghua --- P'u-t'ung-hua --- Mandarin --- Guanhua --- Kuanhua --- Nationalsprache --- Sinotibetische Sprachen --- Motiv --- 1949 --- -BNKhAU --- China --- Chung-hua min kuo --- Jhonggu --- Khi͡atad --- Kin --- Kita --- Kitaĭskai͡a Narodnai͡a Respublika --- National Government --- Republic --- Republic of China --- Zhonghuaminguo --- Asian history


Book
The dynastic centre and the provinces : agents and interactions
Authors: --- ---
ISBN: 9004272097 9004251480 130677196X 9789004272095 9789004251489 Year: 2014 Publisher: Brill

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Maintaining the connections between the dynastic court and the provinces was a major challenge for pre-modern governments. The allegiance of governors shifted easily from the centre to the provinces. Ritual and festive occasions, equally important to generate cohesion, were rarely shaped wholly by either side. Agents andamp; Interactions examines these connections in late imperial China, early modern Europe, and the Ottoman empire. Contributions highlight the different and evolving notions of the governor, the choreography of rulers touring their realm, and the interpretations of sources describing such events. Important intercultural parallels appear, and it becomes clear that the domains of politics and culture cannot be separated. The chapters in this volume suggest important revisions and outline an agenda for comparison. This title is available online in its entirety in Open Access Contributors include: Patricia Buckley Ebrey, Jürgen Osterhammel, R. Kent Guy, Helen Watanabe-O’Kelly, I. Metin Kunt, Michael G. Chang, Margit Thøfner, Yingcong Dai, Neil Murphy, Christian Büschges

Keywords

Royal houses --- Imperialism --- Politics and culture --- Culture --- Culture and politics --- Dynasties (Royal houses) --- Royal families --- Royalty --- Kings and rulers --- History. --- Political aspects --- China --- Europe --- Turkey --- Ottoman Empire --- Cina --- Kinë --- Cathay --- Chinese National Government --- Chung-kuo kuo min cheng fu --- Republic of China (1912-1949) --- Kuo min cheng fu (China : 1912-1949) --- Chung-hua min kuo (1912-1949) --- Kina (China) --- National Government (1912-1949) --- China (Republic : 1912-1949) --- People's Republic of China --- Chinese People's Republic --- Chung-hua jen min kung ho kuo --- Central People's Government of Communist China --- Chung yang jen min cheng fu --- Chung-hua chung yang jen min kung ho kuo --- Central Government of the People's Republic of China --- Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo --- Zhong hua ren min gong he guo --- Kitaĭskai︠a︡ Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika --- Činská lidová republika --- RRT --- Republik Rakjat Tiongkok --- KNR --- Kytaĭsʹka Narodna Respublika --- Jumhūriyat al-Ṣīn al-Shaʻbīyah --- RRC --- Kitaĭ --- Kínai Népköztársaság --- Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku --- Erets Sin --- Sin --- Sāthāranarat Prachāchon Čhīn --- P.R. China --- PR China --- Chung-kuo --- Zhongguo --- Zhonghuaminguo (1912-1949) --- Zhong guo --- Chine --- République Populaire de Chine --- República Popular China --- Catay --- VR China --- VRChina --- 中國 --- 中国 --- 中华人民共和国 --- Jhongguó --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaxu Dundadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaqu Dumdadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Dundad Ard Uls --- Khi︠a︡tad --- Kitad --- Dumdadu Ulus --- Dumdad Uls --- Думдад Улс --- Kitajska --- China (Republic : 1949- ) --- Turt︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Turechchyna --- Tyrkia --- Osmanskai︠a︡ Imperii︠a︡ --- Tourkia --- TC --- Türkiye --- Türkiye Cumhuriyeti --- Vysokai︠a︡ Porta --- Osmanlı İmparatorluğu --- Devlet-i Aliye Osmaniye --- Turkiet --- T.C. (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti) --- Republic of Turkey --- תורכיה --- Turkiyah --- Turkyah --- Tunkī --- République turque --- Tʻŏkʻi --- Anatolia --- Asia Minor --- Anatolie --- Republic of Türkiye --- Asia Minore --- Republik Türkei --- Tureuki --- Turkye --- Republiek van Turkye --- Türkei --- Turcland --- تركيا --- Turkiyā --- جمهورية التركية --- Jumhūrīyah al-Turkīyah --- Turquía --- Republica de Turquía --- Turchia --- Tuykia --- Türkiyä Respublikası --- Turki --- Républik Turki --- Tȯrkiă --- Турцыя --- Turtsyi︠a︡ --- Турэцкая Рэспубліка --- Turėtskai︠a︡ Rėspublika --- Tiakei --- Torkėjė --- Turkia --- Republik Turkia --- Турция --- Република Турция --- Republika Turt︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Turska --- Republika Turska --- Tū-ī-gì --- Turecko --- Turecká republika --- Tëreckô --- Repùblika Tërecczi --- Tẏrt︠s︡i --- Турци --- Turt︠s︡i --- Турци Республики --- Turt︠s︡i Respubliki --- Twrci --- Gweriniaeth Twrci --- Tyrkiet --- Republikken Tyrkiet --- Tʼóok Bikéyah --- Turkojska --- Republika Turkojska --- Türgi --- Türgi Vabariik --- Τουρκία --- Δημοκρατία της Τουρκίας --- Dēmokratia tēs Tourkias --- Τουρκική Δημοκρατία --- Tourkikē Dēmokratia --- Turchî --- Repóbblica d'l Turchî --- Turkio --- Turkujo --- Turkia Respubliko --- Turkaland --- Lýðveldið Turkaland --- Turquie (Repupblic) --- République de Turquie --- Turkije --- Tuirc --- Poblacht na Tuirce --- Turkee --- Pobblaght ny Turkee --- Thú-ngí-khì --- 터키 --- 터키 공화국 --- T'ŏk'i Konghwaguk --- Tureke --- Turkowska --- Turcia --- Турк --- Turk --- Турчы Республикæ --- Turchy Respublikæ --- Tyrkland --- Lýðveldið Tyrkland --- Repubblica di Turchia --- טורקיה --- רפובליקה הטורקית --- Republiḳah ha-Ṭurḳiyah --- Тюрк --- Ti︠u︡rk --- Тюрк Республика --- Ti︠u︡rk Respublika --- Tu̇rkii︠a︡ --- Tu̇rkii︠a︡ Respublikasy --- Turukiya --- Uturuki --- Jamhuri ya Uturuki --- Tiki --- Tirkiye --- Komara Tirkiyeyê --- Repuvlika de Turkiya --- Turcija --- Turcijas Republika --- Tierkei --- Republik Tierkei --- Turkija --- Turkieë --- Törkieë --- Buturuki --- Ripablik kya Buturuki --- Törökország --- Török Köztársaság --- Турција --- Република Турција --- Republika Turcija --- Whenua Korukoru --- Tū-ī-gì Gê̤ṳng-huò-guók --- Туркамастор --- Turkamastor --- Туркань республиксь --- Turkanʹ respubliksʹ --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Turk Uls --- Tlacatlahtocayotl Turquia --- Republiek Turkije --- トルコ --- Toruko --- トルコ共和国 --- Toruko Kyōwakoku --- Turkii --- Republikken Tyrkia --- Turtchie --- Турций --- Turt︠s︡iĭ --- Тюркия --- Ti︠u︡rkii︠a︡ --- Тюркия Республика --- Ti︠u︡rkii︠a︡ Respublika --- Teki --- Törkie --- Turcja --- Republika Turcji --- República da Turquia --- Republica Turcia --- Republika Turkiya --- Turkya --- Turkiya Republika --- Турція --- Турецка Республіка --- Turet︠s︡ka Respublika --- Турецкая Республика --- Tu̇rkiĭė --- Tu̇rkiĭė Respublikata --- Durka --- Durkka dásseváldi --- Turkäi --- Republik Turkäi --- Turqia --- Republika e Turqisë --- Thekhi --- Turcyjo --- Republika Turecko --- Republika Turcyje --- Jamhuuriyada Turki --- Turkiyakondre --- Ripoliku Turkiyakondre --- Турска --- Република Турска --- Turkki --- Turkin tasavalta --- Republiken Turkiet --- Republika ng Turkiya --- Tturk --- Tagduda n Tturk --- Turchie --- Repubbleche de Turchie --- Tȯrkii︠a︡ --- Tȯrkii︠a︡ Jȯmḣu̇rii︠a︡te --- Türkiýe Respublikasy --- Туреччина --- Турецька Республіка --- Republica de Turchia --- Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ --- Cộng hoà Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ --- Türkän --- Türgü --- Türgü Vabariik --- 土耳其 --- Tu'erqi --- Turkeye --- Republiek Turkeye --- Turkeya --- Tirki --- Republik bu Tirki --- טערקיי --- Ṭerḳay --- טערקישע רעפובליק --- Ṭerḳishe Republiḳ --- Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Túrkì --- Tırkiya --- 土耳其共和國 --- Tu'erqi Gongheguo --- Tu'erqi gong he guo --- Tu er qi gong he guo --- Ānātūlī --- Council of Europe countries --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Eurasia --- Territories and possessions --- Politics and government --- Politics and government. --- History --- Cộng hoà Thỏ̂ Nhĩ Kỳ --- Thỏ̂ Nhĩ Kỳ --- Турций --- PRC --- P.R.C. --- BNKhAU --- БНХАУ --- Maisons royales --- Impérialisme --- Politique et culture --- Histoire --- Turquie --- Empire ottoman --- Territoires et possessions --- Politique et gouvernement --- Ottoman Empire, 1288-1918 --- history --- Jiaqing Emperor --- Qing dynasty

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