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Compartment syndrome is a condition caused by an increase in pressure in a closed anatomical space. It can lead to irreversible damage and necrosis of the contents of that space with devastating consequences for the patient. It can affect the musculoskeletal system as well as sites outside the musculoskeletal system including the thorax and abdomen. This book describes the occurrence of compartment syndrome at all these sites, diagnosis and adjuncts to diagnosis, and the importance of timely management of this condition to prevent major morbidity and preserve function.

Compartment syndrome.

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This book provides a concise yet comprehensive source of current information on Down syndrome and other chromosomal abnormalities. Research workers, scientists, medical graduates and paediatricians will find it an excellent source for reference and review. Key features of this book are as follows: • Mechanisms of aneuploidy. • Effect of sociodemographic factors on different congenital disorders. • Haematological malignancies and congenital heart disease in Down syndrome. • Prenatal screening, management and counselling to detect Down syndrome and other chromosomal abnormalities. While aimed primarily at research workers on Down syndrome and different types of chromosomal disorders, we hope that the appeal of this book will extend beyond the narrow confines of academic interest and be of interest to a wider audience, especially the parents and relatives of children suffering from Down syndrome and other chromosomal abnormality syndromes.

Down syndrome.

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Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a spectrum of disorders resulting from the compression of the neurovascular structures within the thoracic outlet. The three main subtypes of TOS are defined by the anatomic structure affected by the extrinsic compression. In the most common subtype--neurogenic TOS--the brachial plexus is compressed and symptoms include pain, arm paresthesias, and sometimes weakness. Venous TOS is characterized by the compression of the subclavian vein and its resultant thrombosis. Arterial TOS is the least common and is distinguished by the compression of the subclavian artery and the development of aneurysms or stenoses with distal embolization. Treatment options include physical therapy and surgical first rib resection via the transaxillary or supraclavicular approach. The diagnosis of TOS and appropriate patient selection for intervention are challenging due to the frequent presence of vague symptoms in neurogenic TOS. Due to the relative rarity of this condition, different approaches to diagnosis and management exist, and optimum management strategies continue to evolve. The primary goals of this Special Issue on the "Diagnosis and Treatment of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome" are to describe new and established diagnostic and treatment modalities for TOS; to discuss approaches to complex clinical situations, such as reoperative treatment; and to review new research developments in the field of TOS.

Thoracic outlet syndrome. --- Thoracic outlet syndrome --- Surgery.

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Chronic kidney disease is a worldwide disease affecting up to 4% of the population. In many cases, glomerulonephritis is the underlying disease leading to kidney failure. One hallmark of glomerulonephritis is proteinuria, which may in its most severe form lead to nephrotic syndrome. In seven chapters, this book puts light on different aspects related to the pathophysiology and clinical aspects of glomerulonephritis. In addition, chapters dealing with the importance of biomarkers in patients with glomerulonephritis will be beneficial for the open-minded reader. Nevertheless, new insights in renal rehabilitation in patients with chronic kidney disease will be provided.

Glomerulonephritis. --- Nephrotic syndrome. --- Ophthalmology.

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Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an acquired autoimmune disorder in which the immune system mistakenly produces antiphospholipid antibodies that attack tissues in the body. These antibodies can lead to the formation of blood clots in arteries and veins. During pregnancy, APS can also lead to miscarriage and stillbirth. Classification criteria require a clinical event (i.e., thrombosis or pregnancy complication) and persistent positive blood test results at least three months apart that detect lupus anticoagulant, anti-cardiolipin antibodies, or anti-β2-glycoprotein-1 antibodies. This book addresses important clinical aspects of APS, including stroke and APS, obstetric manifestations of APS, and bleeding complications in APS. It also discusses the diagnostic utility of a novel autoantibody against β2-glycoprotein I/HLA class II complexes as a promising biomarker for APS. Finally, this book also reviews the latest findings in the field of extracellular vesicles in APS and provides explanations of their role in the pathogenesis of APS.

Autoimmune diseases. --- Antiphospholipid syndrome.