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Macroeconomics. --- Economic policy.

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De financiële crisis in 2008 en de daarop volgende ongeziene inzinking van de economische activiteit brachten economie volop in de belangstelling. Het economisch gebeuren is complex en roept vele vragen op. "Waarom is de één voorstander van vrijhandel en komt de andere op voor een 'andere globalisering'? Hoe komt het dat onze welvaart in enkele decennia zo spectaculair is toegenomen, maar dat armoede voor veel mensen nog steeds dagelijkse realiteit is? Hoe moeten we omgaan met de gevolgen van de toenemende consumptie? Is het logisch dat men massaal naar de overheid kijkt als reddingsboei in een financiële crisis?" De behoefte aan economen en inzicht in de economie is vandaag dan ook groter dan ooit. De nieuwe editie Economie. Een inleiding geeft een duidelijk overzicht van de economische wetenschap en haar inzichten, begrippen en verbanden. Het reikt de lezer een denkkader aan dat de snelle, economische veranderingen begrijpelijker maakt. Inhoudsopgave : INLEIDING: 1. Waarover en hoe denken economen? 2. Mensen, instituties en markten 3. Vraag en Aanbod 4. Elasticiteiten en schokken MICRO-ECONOMIE 5. De consument 6. De onderneming als organisatie 7. Productie en kosten 8. Volmaakte mededinging 9. Monopolie 10. Onvolmaakte mededinging en productdifferentiatie 11. De arbeidsmarkt 12. Publieke goederen en externe effecten 13. Verdeling en herverdeling MACRO-ECONOMIE 14. Macro-economische analyse: wat en waarom? 15. De nationale rekeningen 16. Het BBP doorheen tijd en ruimte 17. Economische groei 18. Geld en het bankwezen 19. Financiële markten 20. De vraagzijde: de reële sfeer 21. Het macro-economische evenwicht op korte termijn: het IS-LM/TR-model 22. Het aggregatieve aanbod 23. Het AV-AA-model INTERNATIONALE HANDEL EN GLOBALISERING: 24. Wisselmarkten 25. Globalisering: internationale handel 26. Globalisering: internationale kapitaalstromen en migratie

Economics --- Economic theory --- Economie (Science) --- Economie (Wetenschap) --- Economische wetenschap --- Macro-economie --- Macroeconomics --- Macroéconomie --- Political economy --- Politieke economie --- Sciences économiques --- Bedrijfseconomie --- Economie --- Bedrijfseconomie. --- Economie.

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This paper discusses how Malaysia can better protect itself from future shocks and avoid another crisis while it seeks to regain its position as one of the fastest growing economies in the world. To these ends, its strategy should include continued structural reforms to achieve healthy balance sheets of the banking and corporate sectors; further deregulation to promote competition and efficiency; and consistent macroeconomic policies to maintain financial stability and sustainable fiscal and external positions. Malaysia's economic structure and performance were relatively strong prior to the crisis. Malaysia’s initial low level of short-term external debt enabled it to maintain foreign reserves at a reasonably high level, and this contributed to relatively robust external and domestic confidence early on in the crisis. As a consequence of financial vigilance exercised through prudential regulation of capital movements, the exposure of the financial and corporate systems was contained. Stock market capitalization in Malaysia grew to an extremely high level prior to the crisis, reflecting both the fast expansion of the capital market and liberal capital account regime.

Economic policy and planning (general) --- Malaysia --- monetair beleid --- ontwikkelingsplan --- ontwikkelingsbeleid --- 338 <595.11> --- asie --- financement --- politique fiscale --- politique monetaire --- societes --- structure economique --- Fiscal policy --- -Finance --- -MY / Malaysia - Maleisië - Malaisie --- 331.31 --- 330.05 --- 330.9595 --- Funding --- Funds --- Economics --- Currency question --- Tax policy --- Taxation --- Economic policy --- Finance, Public --- Economische situatie. Economische structuur van bepaalde landen en gebieden. Economische geografie. Economische produktie.economische produkten. Economische diensten--Maleisië --- azie --- financiering --- fiscaal beleid --- vennootschappen --- economische structuur --- Economisch beleid. --- Government policy --- Economic conditions. --- Economic policy. --- Working papers --- Economisch beleid: Maleisië --- Economische landenstudies: Maleisië --- Fiscaal beleid: Maleisië --- Economisch beleid: Maleisië. --- Economische landenstudies: Maleisië. --- Fiscaal beleid: Maleisië. --- 338 <595.11> Economische situatie. Economische structuur van bepaalde landen en gebieden. Economische geografie. Economische produktie.economische produkten. Economische diensten--Maleisië --- Economisch beleid --- -Malaysia --- Banks and Banking --- Corporate Finance --- Exports and Imports --- Public Finance --- Industries: Financial Services --- Finance: General --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- International Investment --- Long-term Capital Movements --- Fiscal Policy --- Corporate Finance and Governance: General --- Macroeconomics: Production --- Finance --- Macroeconomics --- Banking --- Ownership & organization of enterprises --- International economics --- Monetary economics --- Corporate sector --- Capital controls --- Nonperforming loans --- Financial institutions --- Balance of payments --- Economic sectors --- Corporate governance --- Banks and banking --- Business enterprises --- Capital movements --- Loans --- Production --- Economic theory

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This paper provides an overview of efforts in the Baltic countries to reform their pension systems, and examines the choices facing these countries in their continued reform efforts. Early reforms were aimed at correcting the flaws of the inherited Soviet system and, in particular, at shoring up the finances of the pension systems and reducing their distortionary impact. The Baltic countries have been in the forefront of transition economies in their pursuit of pension reform. They have taken important steps to shore up the long-run financial health of their existing pension funds and made preparations for the implementation of a three-pillar scheme. Although a move toward a fully funded pension system can potentially make an important contribution to the objectives of pension reform, such a change is neither necessary nor sufficient to meet these goals. The existing PAYG pension system can, at least in theory, be made sustainable by an appropriate adjustment of payroll tax rates and expected lifetime pension benefits, although the average replacement rate implied by such changes may well be fairly low, reflecting the expected demographic developments.

Baltic Area --- Baltic States --- Balkanlanden --- pays balkaniques --- politique gouvernementale --- 331.25209479 --- Retirement pensions --- Superannuation --- Retirement income --- Annuities --- Social security individual investment accounts --- Vested benefits --- balkanlanden --- overheidsbeleid --- -Baltic Republics --- Baltics (States) --- Social security law --- Pensions --- Social policy --- Social policy. --- 330.05 --- assurances --- pension --- pensioenen --- Compensation --- Pension plans --- verzekeringen --- pensioen --- Baltic Republics --- Pensions - Baltic States --- Baltic States - Social policy --- Exports and Imports --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Demography --- Social Security and Public Pensions --- Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits --- Private Pensions --- Economics of the Elderly --- Economics of the Handicapped --- Non-labor Market Discrimination --- Retirement --- Retirement Policies --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Labour --- income economics --- Population & demography --- Public finance & taxation --- International economics --- Pension spending --- Pension reform --- Aging --- Expenditure --- Population and demographics --- Population aging --- Wages --- Labor economics --- Latvia, Republic of

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This paper provides an overview of the recent revenue performance in the Baltics, Russia, and other countries of the former Soviet Union, and a survey of these countries efforts to modify tax policy in line with the needs of increasingly market-oriented economies and to increase the effectiveness of tax administration. It focuses principally on the 12 countries of the CIS, but refers also to the Baltic countries, and addresses the period from 1995 to mid-1998, prior to the August 1998 financial crisis in Russia.

Taxes --- Tax law --- Eastern and Central Europe --- Taxation --- -fiscaliteit --- belastingen --- Rusland --- 336.2 <474> --- 336.2 <47> --- politique fiscale --- mesures fiscales --- russie --- urss --- CIS / Commonwealth Of Independant States - Gos - Cei --- EE / Estonia - Estland - Estonie --- LT / Lithuania - Litouwen - Lituanie --- LV / Latvia - Letland - Lettonie --- 336.201 --- 330.05 --- 336.200947 --- Duties --- Fee system (Taxation) --- Tax policy --- Tax reform --- Taxation, Incidence of --- Finance, Public --- Revenue --- Belastingsakkoorden. Belastingswezen--Baltische Republieken --- Belastingsakkoorden. Belastingswezen--Rusland. Sovjet-Unie --- fiscaal beleid --- belastingmaatregelen --- rusland --- ussr --- Fiscaal regime: structuur en evolutie. Fiscale hervorming. --- Working papers --- 336.2 <47> Belastingen. Belastingswezen. Openbare financien. Belastingspolitiek. Belastingstheorie. Belastingsharmonisatie. Fiskale politiek. Belastingsleer. Belastingsdruk. Belastingstechniek. Belastingsstelsel.Belastingstarief--Rusland. Sovjet-Unie --- 336.2 <47> Belastingsakkoorden. Belastingswezen--Rusland. Sovjet-Unie --- Belastingen. Belastingswezen. Openbare financien. Belastingspolitiek. Belastingstheorie. Belastingsharmonisatie. Fiskale politiek. Belastingsleer. Belastingsdruk. Belastingstechniek. Belastingsstelsel.Belastingstarief--Rusland. Sovjet-Unie --- 336.2 <474> Belastingen. Belastingswezen. Openbare financien. Belastingspolitiek. Belastingstheorie. Belastingsharmonisatie. Fiskale politiek. Belastingsleer. Belastingsdruk. Belastingstechniek. Belastingsstelsel.Belastingstarief--Baltische Republieken --- 336.2 <474> Belastingsakkoorden. Belastingswezen--Baltische Republieken --- Belastingen. Belastingswezen. Openbare financien. Belastingspolitiek. Belastingstheorie. Belastingsharmonisatie. Fiskale politiek. Belastingsleer. Belastingsdruk. Belastingstechniek. Belastingsstelsel.Belastingstarief--Baltische Republieken --- fiscaliteit --- Fiscaal regime: structuur en evolutie. Fiscale hervorming --- Taxation - Former Soviet republics --- Macroeconomics --- Personal Finance -Taxation --- Public Finance --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies --- Tax Law --- Auditing --- Business Taxes and Subsidies --- Public finance & taxation --- Taxation & duties law --- Management accounting & bookkeeping --- Civil service & public sector --- Tax administration core functions --- Tax collection --- Payroll tax --- Revenue administration --- Tax administration and procedure --- Law and legislation --- Fiscal policy --- Russian Federation