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Andre, Carl ; Beuys, Joseph ; Flavin, Dan ; Heizer, Michael ; LeWitt, Sol ; de Maria, Walter ; Merz, Mario ; Morris, Robert ; Nauman, Bruce ; Serra, Richard ; Smithson, Robert ; Sonnier, Keith

Artists --- Art, American --- Art --- Philosoph --- [text] --- [Phot.] --- kunst --- twintigste eeuw --- Flavin Dan --- Lewitt Sol --- André Carl --- Morris Robert --- Smithson Robert --- Serra Richard --- Sonnier Keith --- Nauman Bruce --- Beuys Joseph --- Merz Mario --- De Maria Walter --- Heizer Michael --- 7.038 --- Philosoph.

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In the seventeenth century the microscope opened up a new world of observation, and, according to Catherine Wilson, profoundly revised the thinking of scientists and philosophers alike. The interior of nature, once closed off to both sympathetic intuition and direct perception, was now accessible with the help of optical instruments. The microscope led to a conception of science as an objective, procedure-driven mode of inquiry and renewed interest in atomism and mechanism. Focusing on the earliest forays into microscopical research, from 1620 to 1720, this book provides us with both a compelling technological history and a lively assessment of the new knowledge that helped launch philosophy into the modern era. Wilson argues that the discovery of the microworld--and the apparent role of living animalcula in generation, contagion, and disease--presented metaphysicians with the task of reconciling the ubiquity of life with human-centered theological systems. It was also a source of problems for philosophers concerned with essences, qualities, and the limits of human knowledge, whose positions are echoed in current debates about realism and instrument-mediated knowledge. Covering the contributions of pioneering microscopists (Leeuwenhoek, Swammerdam, Malpighi, Grew, and Hooke) and the work of philosophers interested in the microworld (Bacon, Descartes, Leibniz, Malebranche, Locke, and Berkeley), she challenges historians who view the abstract sciences as the sole catalyst of the Scientific Revolution as she stresses the importance of observational and experimental science to the modern intellect.

Philosophy and science --- Philosophy, Modern --- Microscopes --- Philosophie et sciences --- Philosophie --- History --- Histoire --- Europe --- Intellectual life --- Vie intellectuelle --- -Philosophy and science --- -Philosophy, Modern --- -Modern philosophy --- Science and philosophy --- Science --- Light microscopes --- Microscope and microscopy --- Optical microscopes --- Optical instruments --- -History --- -Europe --- Council of Europe countries --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Eurasia --- Filosofie. --- Microscopie. --- Philosophie. --- Naturwissenschaften. --- Philosophie des sciences. --- Philosophy --- 1600-1699. --- History. --- -Microscopes --- 17th century --- Philosophy [Modern ] --- Philosophy and science - Europe - History - 17th century. --- Microscopes - Europe - History - 17th century. --- Naturwissenschaften --- Mikroskop --- Philosophy, Modern - 17th century. --- Philosophieren --- Philosoph --- Philosophin --- Lichtmikroskop --- Optisches Instrument --- Naturforschung --- Naturlehre --- Naturwissenschaft --- Wissenschaft --- Naturwissenschaftler --- Accademia dei Lyncei. --- Alhazen. --- Bacon, Francis. --- Berkeley, George. --- Book of Nature. --- Collegium Curiosae. --- Copernicus. --- Digby, Kenelm. --- Divini, Eustachio. --- Fournier, Marian. --- Gregory. --- Hippocrates. --- Hutchison, Keith. --- Jungius, Joachim. --- Lucretius. --- Nero. --- Pasteur, Louis. --- air pump. --- ammalcula. --- analogy. --- atomism. --- bacteria. --- butterfly. --- caterpillar. --- charlatanry. --- corpuscularianism. --- dissection. --- effluvia. --- empiricism. --- experimentation. --- eyeglasses. --- fermentation. --- generation. --- gonorrhea. --- heliocentrism. --- iatromechanism. --- idealism. --- influenza. --- insects. --- knowledge, scientific. --- laboratory. --- lenses. --- magic. --- mathematics. --- mechanism. --- metamorphosis. --- myopia. --- mysticism. --- objectivity. --- occasionalism. --- ovism. --- pananimism. --- protozoa. --- qualities. --- MICROSCOPY --- MONOGRAPHS --- PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE --- HISTORY