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The transformation of emerging markets in recent decades has generated a new, growing, and very large middle class market, also known as the middle of the pyramid. This market segment, which is middle by the standards of emerging markets yet low by the standards of advanced economies, is extremely attractive for firms, but still understood and underserved. This volume presents detailed analyses of exemplary firms that have innovated products, services, and business models to fulfil the needs and desires of these new middle classes. It provides useful insights for managers, consultants, researchers, and students interested in emerging economies, and actionable lessons on how to innovate for a new and expanding market segment.

Technological innovations --- Middle class --- Basic needs --- Bourgeoisie --- Commons (Social order) --- Middle classes --- Social classes --- Social conditions

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Why the United States has developed an economy divided between rich and poor and how racism helped bring this about.

Income distribution --- Middle class --- Minorities --- Equality --- Bourgeoisie --- Commons (Social order) --- Middle classes --- Social classes --- Economic conditions. --- Social conditions --- United States --- Economic conditions --- Economic policy --- ECONOMICS/General --- E-books

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Working class. --- Commons (Social order) --- Labor and laboring classes --- Laboring class --- Labouring class --- Working class --- Working classes --- Social classes --- Labor --- Employment --- Social stratification --- Sociology of work

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Working class --- Protest movements --- Populism --- Labor movement --- Labor and laboring classes --- Social movements --- Political science --- Commons (Social order) --- Laboring class --- Labouring class --- Working classes --- Social classes --- Labor --- History --- Employment --- Arkansas --- Politics and government --- E-books

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This book studies the evolution of the middle class in Russia after the fall of the Soviet Union. Using data from the RLMS (Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey), the volume covers the period of transition (1991-2008) during which many fundamental economic reforms were implemented. The first part of the book is devoted to a discussion of the concept of middle class and a description of the economic situation in Russia during the transition period. Particular attention is given to variations in the distribution of Russian incomes and the estimated importance of the middle class. The second part of the book focuses on the link between the middle class and income bipolarization. The third and last section of the book uses the semiparametric "mixture model" to discover how many different groups may be derived from the income distribution in Russia, as well as what the main socio-economic and demographic characteristics of those groups are. The mobility of households into and out of the middle class during the transition period is also studied in hopes of determining the factors that contribute to such mobility. Using rigorous empirical methods, this volume sheds light on a relatively unstudied economic group and provides insight for countries which are about to enter a transition period. As such, this book will be of great interest to researchers in economics and inequality as well as professionals and practitioners working with international organizations.

Econometrics. --- Development economics. --- Economic growth. --- Economics. --- Economic Growth. --- Development Economics. --- Economic development --- Middle class --- Bourgeoisie --- Commons (Social order) --- Middle classes --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Social conditions --- Social classes --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Economics, Mathematical --- Statistics