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This paper discusses The Gambia’s Request for Disbursement Under the Rapid Credit Facility, and Proposal for a Staff-Monitored Program. The authorities have committed to lowering net domestic borrowing (NDB) from 11.4 percent in 2016 to a fiscal anchor of 1 percent of GDP in 2017 and beyond, and refraining from monetary financing. External budget support of 7.2 percent of GDP will be complemented by a set of non-tax revenue and expenditure measures of 5 percent of GDP to achieve the NDB target. The IMF staff supports the authorities’ request. The IMF staff also views the package of measures the authorities have committed to as representing a very significant adjustment effort.

Gambia --- Colony of the Gambia --- Gambia, The --- Gambie --- Gambii︠a︡ --- Ganbia --- Gangbiya --- Republic of the Gambia --- Respublika Gambii︠a︡ --- The Gambia --- ガンビア --- 冈比亚 --- Economic policy. --- Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Statistics --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Current Account Adjustment --- Short-term Capital Movements --- General Aggregative Models: General --- Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology --- Computer Programs: Other --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- International economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Econometrics & economic statistics --- Banking --- External debt --- Public debt --- Debt sustainability analysis --- Debt burden --- Balance of payments statistics --- Economic and financial statistics --- Debts, External --- Debts, Public --- Balance of payments --- Debt service --- National income

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How abolitionist businesses marshaled intense moral outrage over slavery to shape a new ethics of international commerce.“East India Sugar Not Made By Slaves.” With these words on a sugar bowl, consumers of the early nineteenth century declared their power to change the global economy. Bronwen Everill examines how abolitionists from Europe to the United States to West Africa used new ideas of supply and demand, consumer credit, and branding to shape an argument for ethical capitalism.Everill focuses on the everyday economy of the Atlantic world. Antislavery affected business operations, as companies in West Africa, including the British firm Macaulay & Babington and the American partnership of Brown & Ives, developed new tactics in order to make “legitimate” commerce pay. Everill explores how the dilemmas of conducting ethical commerce reshaped the larger moral discourse surrounding production and consumption, influencing how slavery and freedom came to be defined in the market economy. But ethical commerce was not without its ironies; the search for supplies of goods “not made by slaves”—including East India sugar—expanded the reach of colonial empires in the relentless pursuit of cheap but “free” labor.Not Made by Slaves illuminates the early years of global consumer society, while placing the politics of antislavery firmly in the history of capitalism. It is also a stark reminder that the struggle to ensure fair trade and labor conditions continues.

Consumption (Economics) --- Capitalism --- Social responsibility of business --- Business ethics --- Antislavery movements --- Moral and ethical aspects --- History --- Atlantic Ocean Region --- Commerce --- agriculture. --- boycotts. --- coffee. --- colonies. --- commodities. --- cotton. --- debt. --- emancipation. --- enslavement. --- free produce. --- free soil. --- gambia. --- liberia. --- plantation. --- quakers. --- responsibility. --- senegal. --- sierra leone. --- wage slavery. --- west africa. --- zachary macaulay.

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This paper discusses The Gambia’s request for a Staff-Monitored Program (SMP). The Gambia is enjoying a strong economic recovery, with good prospects of sustained growth over the medium term. In order to consolidate gains and establish a track record for a possible arrangement under the Extended Credit Facility, the authorities are requesting a new SMP covering 2019. The SMP will help build an adequate track record of performance for a potential Fund-supported program. Enhanced domestic revenue mobilization and expenditure control will help create room for much needed public investment and poverty-reducing social spending. The program’s strategy includes fiscal policy to focus on domestic revenue mobilization, improved treasury management and spending prioritization. A prudent borrowing strategy and strengthened oversight of state-owned enterprises, with the focus on containing contingent liabilities, is expected to contribute to anchoring debt sustainability. Monetary policy will remain active to curb inflation pressures and banking supervision vigilant to foster financial stability.

Economics --- Economic sociology --- Socio-economics --- Socioeconomics --- Sociology of economics --- Sociology --- Sociological aspects. --- Social aspects --- Budgeting --- Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- National Budget --- Budget Systems --- Fiscal Policy --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- International economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Budgeting & financial management --- Public debt --- External debt --- Debt sustainability analysis --- Budget planning and preparation --- Debt service --- Public financial management (PFM) --- Debts, External --- Debts, Public --- Budget --- Fiscal policy --- Gambia, The