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Translation Translation contributes to current debate on the question of translation dealt with in an interdisciplinary perspective, with implications not only of a theoretical order but also of the didactic and the practical orders. In the context of globalization the question of translation is fundamental for education and responds to new community needs with reference to Europe and more extensively to the international world. In its most obvious sense translation concerns verbal texts and their relations among different languages. However, to remain within the sphere of verbal signs, languages consist of a plurality of different languages that also relate to each other through translation processes. Moreover, translation occurs between verbal languages and nonverbal languages and among nonverbal languages without necessarily involving verbal languages. Thus far the allusion is to translation processes within the sphere of anthroposemiosis . But translation occurs among signs and the signs implicated are those of the semiosic sphere in its totality, which are not exclusively signs of the linguistic-verbal order. Beyond anthroposemiosis, translation is a fact of life and invests the entire biosphere or biosemiosphere , as clearly evidenced by research in "biosemiotics", for where there is life there are signs, and where there are signs or semiosic processes there is translation, indeed semiosic processes are translation processes. According to this approach reflection on translation obviously cannot be restricted to the domain of linguistics but must necessarily involve semiotics, the general science or theory of signs. In this theoretical framework essays have been included not only from major translation experts, but also from researchers working in different areas, in addition to semiotics and linguistics, also philosophy, literary criticism, cultural studies, gender studies, biology, and the medical sciences. All scholars work on problems of translation in the light of their own special competencies and interests.

Theory of literary translation --- Literary semiotics --- Translation science --- Sociolinguistics --- Translating and interpreting --- Semiotics --- #KVHA:Vertaalwetenschap --- #KVHA:Vertaaltheorie --- Peirce, Charles S. --- Semiotiek --- Vertaalwetenschap --- Vertalen en filosofie --- Vertalen en semiotiek --- Semiotiek. --- Vertaalwetenschap. --- Vertalen en filosofie. --- Vertalen en semiotiek. --- Biosemiotics --- Character --- Cybernetics --- Text theory --- Semeiotics --- Semiology (Linguistics) --- Semantics --- Signs and symbols --- Structuralism (Literary analysis) --- Mechanical brains --- Control theory --- Electronics --- System theory --- Ethology --- Ethics --- Personality --- Sémiotique --- Traduction

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Auto-organisation (Théorie des systèmes) --- Automatic control --- Automatische controle --- Controle automatique --- Cybernetica --- Cybernetics --- Cybernétique --- Learning systems (Automatic control) --- Self-optimizing systems --- Self-organizing systems --- Systèmes auto-optimalisants --- Systèmes auto-organisés --- Systèmes d'apprentissage (Commande automatique) --- Zelfregelende systemen --- Cybernetics. --- Self-organizing systems. --- Automatic control. --- Commande automatique --- Cybernétique. --- Systèmes auto-organisés. --- Commande automatique. --- Intellect --- Learning ability --- Synergetics --- Mechanical brains --- Control theory --- Electronics --- System theory --- Control engineering --- Control equipment --- Engineering instruments --- Automation --- Programmable controllers --- Hulpwetenschappen --- filosofie --- filosofie. --- Filosofie. --- Cybernétique --- Systèmes auto-organisés

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This was the first cross-over book into the history of science written by an historian of economics. It shows how 'history of technology' can be integrated with the history of economic ideas. The analysis combines Cold War history with the history of postwar economics in America and later elsewhere, revealing that the Pax Americana had much to do with abstruse and formal doctrines such as linear programming and game theory. It links the literature on 'cyborg' to economics, an element missing in literature to date. The treatment further calls into question the idea that economics has been immune to postmodern currents, arguing that neoclassical economics has participated in the deconstruction of the integral 'self'. Finally, it argues for an alliance of computational and institutional themes, and challenges the widespread impression that there is nothing else besides American neoclassical economic theory left standing after the demise of Marxism.

Methodology of economics --- Economic theory --- Economics --- Economie (Science) --- Economie (Wetenschap) --- Economische wetenschap --- Political economy --- Politieke economie --- Sciences économiques --- Cybernetics --- Economic history --- Technological innovations --- Computer science --- Economic aspects --- History --- Economics. --- History. --- 1945 --- -Computer science --- 20th century --- Business, Economy and Management --- Cybernetics - Economic aspects - History --- Economic history - 1945 --- -Technological innovations - Economic aspects - History - 20th century --- Computer science - History --- Informatics --- Science --- Breakthroughs, Technological --- Innovations, Industrial --- Innovations, Technological --- Technical innovations --- Technological breakthroughs --- Technological change --- Creative ability in technology --- Inventions --- Domestication of technology --- Innovation relay centers --- Research, Industrial --- Technology transfer --- Mechanical brains --- Control theory --- Electronics --- System theory --- Social sciences --- Economic man