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Cholesterol --- Cardiovascular diseases --- WG 120 Cardiovascular diseases (General or not elsewhere classified)

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WG 120 Cardiovascular diseases (General or not elsewhere classified) --- Male --- Humans --- Female --- prevention and control --- Aged --- Practice Guideline [Publication type] --- Adult --- Cardiovascular diseases --- Europe --- Clinical Medicine --- Middle Aged

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WG 113 popular works --- Cardiovascular diseases --- prevention and control --- Primary Health Care --- Europe

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1. This study presents the results of a joint analysis of patterns of consumption, expenditure, and unit expenditure for a core set of drugs aimed at preventing and treating cardiovascular disease. The current study examines the relationships among three pharmaceutical variables (expenditure, volume of drug use, and unit expenditure) classified according to eight therapeutic categories which are specific for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease and stroke. It covers an 11-year time period, and specifies relevant country-specific structural features in a sample of 12 OECD countries.2. The data presented in this report show how the three descriptive pharmaceutical variables vary across these countries. The study also contains a preliminary exploration of factors associated with variation in these variables across countries and through time. Findings for each of the eight cardiovascular disease and stroke drug therapeutic categories investigated in this study are discussed in relationship to volume of use, expenditure, and unit expenditure to provide a basis for discussing the value ofpharmaceuticals. In addition, findings are presented for subcategories of cardiovascular drugs to better understand how more specific drug classifications affect the results.3. The main finding is that cross-country variations in the use of less expensive effective drugs such as diuretics and betablockers seem to be related to "needs", as measured by the Ischaemic Heart Disease burden of disease. The pattern for newer, more expensive agents is more difficult to interpret. While expenditure is higher, it is not clear whether this is due to changing patterns of use, a perception of increased need, or a willingness to pay. Much of the increase appears to be in the serum lipid group whichhas experienced rapid growth in utilisation recently. This may be due, at least in part, to increasing evidence that lowering serum lipid levels has benefits for segments of the population not previously treated.4. Overall, the results show that use of “newer” pharmaceutical agents (calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and serum lipid reducers) is higher among those countries that spend a greater percentage of GDP on health. A range of factors could have contributed to these trends, including clinical judgement that the new compounds are more effective and marketing efforts which concentrate more on new in-patent products.5. Beyond their descriptive value, the results invite a retrospective examination of the effect of different policies on pharmaceutical expenditure. Although policy and expenditure decisions on pharmaceuticals are ultimately qualitative judgements, they can, and should, be informed by better data. In particular, this study contributes to a better understanding of the underlying trends driving the increase in pharmaceutical expenditure.

W 74 Medical economics. Health care costs (General) --- Health Expenditures --- Cardiovascular diseases --- Stroke --- Comparative Study --- Drug Utilization

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Cardiac diseases, and in particular coronary artery disease, are the leading cause of death and morbidity in industrialized countries. The development of non-invasive imaging techniques for the heart and the coronary arteries has been considered a key element in improving patient care. A breakthrough in cardiac imaging using CT occurred in 1998, with the introduction of multi-slice computed tomography (CT). Since then, amazing advances in performance have taken place with scanners that acquire up to 64 slices per rotation. This book discusses the state-of-the-art developments in multi-slice CT for cardiac imaging as well as those that can be anticipated in the future. It serves as a comprehensive work that covers all aspects of this technology, from the technical fundamentals and image evaluation all the way to clinical indications and protocol recommendations. This fully reworked second edition draws on the most recent clinical experience obtained with 16- and 64-slice CT scanners by world-leading experts from Europe and the United States. It also includes "hands-on" experience in the form of 10 representative clinical case studies, which are included on the accompanying CD. As a further highlight, the latest results of the very recently introduced dual-source CT, which may soon represent the CT technology of choice for cardiac applications, are presented. This book will not only convince the reader that multi-slice cardiac CT has arrived in clinical practice, it will also make a significant contribution to the education of radiologists, cardiologists, technologists, and physicists—whether newcomers, experienced users, or researchers.

Heart --- Imaging. --- Diseases --- Diagnosis. --- Cardiac diagnostic imaging --- Cardiac imaging --- Diagnostic cardiac imaging --- Imaging of the heart --- Imaging --- WG 141.5 Cardiovascular Diseases, Diagnosis and Therapeutics -- Specific diagnostic methods --- Diagnosis --- Heart Diseases --- Tomography, X-Ray Computed --- Radiology, Medical. --- Cardiology. --- Imaging / Radiology. --- Internal medicine --- Clinical radiology --- Radiology, Medical --- Radiology (Medicine) --- Medical physics --- Radiology. --- Radiological physics --- Physics --- Radiation