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Since the 1997 Kyoto protocol of reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, the development of novel refrigerators has been a priority within the scientific community. Although magnetocaloric materials are promising candidates, they still need a large magnetic field to induce a giant ΔT as well as powerful and costly magnets. However, in electrocaloric materials (ECMs) a temperature change may be achieved by applying or removing an electric field. Since a giant electrocaloric effect on ferroelectric thin films was reported in Science in 2006, researchers have been inspired to explore such effect in different ferroelectric thin films. This book reviews electrocaloric effects observed in bulk materials as well as recent promising advances in thin films, with special emphasis on the ferroelectric, antiferroelectric and relaxor nature of ECMs. It reports a number of considerations about the future of ECMs as a means of achieving an efficient, ecologically sustainable and low cost refrigerator.
Solid state physics --- Physics --- Surface chemistry --- Materials sciences --- Electrical engineering --- Applied physical engineering --- materiaalkennis --- oppervlakte-onderzoek --- duurzame ontwikkeling --- ingenieurswetenschappen --- fysica --- elektrische circuits
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This book constitutes the proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Cloud Computing, CLOUD 2020, held as part of SCF 2020, during September 18-20, 2020. The conference was planned to take place in Honolulu, HI, USA and was changed to a virtual format due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 16 full and 6 short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 49 submissions. They deal with the latest fundamental advances in the state of the art and practice of cloud computing, identify emerging research topics, and define the future of cloud computing.
Computer architecture. Operating systems --- Computer. Automation --- computers --- hardware --- computerbeveiliging --- OS (operating system) --- computernetwerken
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