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waterbouwkunde --- hydraulic engineering --- Water supply. Water treatment. Water pollution --- Roman history --- Antiquity --- Health resorts --- -Hydraulic engineering --- -Water --- -Engineering, Hydraulic --- Health resorts, watering-places, etc. --- Health spas --- Spas --- Watering places (Health resorts) --- Distribution --- Hydraulic engineering --- Water --- Hydrology --- Engineering, Hydraulic --- Engineering --- Fluid mechanics --- Hydraulics --- Shore protection --- Health facilities --- Resorts --- Distribution.

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Aqueducts --- Bridges --- Roads, Roman. --- Roads, Roman --- Roman roads --- Bridges, Highway --- Express highways --- Highway bridges --- Transportation --- Viaducts --- Conduits --- Channels (Hydraulic engineering) --- Hydraulic structures --- Water --- Distribution --- Rome --- Antiquities.

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History --- verkeer --- bedrijfswetenschappen --- Hydrosphere --- Applied astronomy --- Congo --- Congo (République démocratique du) --- Hydrografie --- Hydrographie --- Kongo (Democratische Republiek) --- Navigation --- Hydrography --- Histoire --- Congo River --- Zaïre (Fleuve) --- Discovery and exploration --- Découverte et exploration --- 629.12 <09> <493> --- 626/627 <09> --- Water craft engineering. Shipbuilding. Boatbuilding--Geschiedenis van ...--België --- Hydraulic engineering and construction. Water, aquatic structures--Geschiedenis van ... --- 626/627 <09> Hydraulic engineering and construction. Water, aquatic structures--Geschiedenis van ... --- 629.12 <09> <493> Water craft engineering. Shipbuilding. Boatbuilding--Geschiedenis van ...--België --- Zaïre (Fleuve) --- Découverte et exploration --- Hydraulic engineering and construction. Water, aquatic structures--Geschiedenis van .. --- Art et sciences navals --- Zaire --- Belgique

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Le port occupe une place importante dans l’imaginaire musulman. D’un point de vue économique, les ports sont des maillons essentiels des circuits commerciaux et constituent des sources de profits conséquents. Socialement, les ports sont des lieux de voyage, de pèlerinages et d’échanges entre civilisations. Politiquement, les ports sont des lieux stratégiques, frontières et points de conquête entre la mer et la terre. Les fortifications portuaires sont un symbole de prestige pour une cité, la muraille affirmant la richesse des habitants et la citadelle la puissance des dirigeants. La compréhension de la militarisation d’un port implique de distinguer ce qui relève de la volonté d’assurer la défense d’un territoire et ce qui tient à l’ambition d’exercer un contrôle sur les biens et les hommes. Les fortifications jouent un rôle actif dans la régulation et le contrôle de l’économie avec des murailles et des portes permettant aux douanes de taxer les produits échangés. L’étude de l’architecture militaire en milieu littoral permet de mieux comprendre la relation entre les Musulmans et la mer sur la longue durée depuis la Conquête arabe jusqu’à l’Empire ottoman, et de la mer Méditerranée jusqu’à l’océan Indien. Ports have been extremely important locations in Muslim memory since the time of the Prophet. Islam was spread through trading networks such as the overland Silk Road and the maritime Spice Route, and also by pilgrimage that combined travel by land with sea voyages. The coast is a contact zone between land and sea. A distinct coastal culture develops in ports, since they are stops on travel routes and centers of contact and exchange between civilizations. Fortifications were built at ports to protect trade as well as safeguard the traders and the merchandise. These fortifications played an active role in the economy, both as fortified gateways serving as customs houses and as city walls enclosing cargo depots. The walls and citadels of coastal cities were major symbols of prestige and wealth. Politically, ports are strategic points subject to conquest. The study of coastal military architecture helps us to understand the Muslim expansion from the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean on the longue durée from the Arab conquest to the Ottoman period.

Ports --- Fortifications --- Commerce --- Harbors --- Fortification --- Trade routes --- Anchorages (Harbors) --- Harbours --- Seaports --- Channels (Hydraulic engineering) --- Hydraulic structures --- Terminals (Transportation) --- Fortification, Primitive --- Forts --- Military engineering --- Siege warfare --- Islamic countries --- Islamic countries. --- Muslim countries --- History, Naval.

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Pottery, Greek --- Harbors --- Céramique grecque --- Ports --- History. --- Histoire --- Middle East --- Mina Site (Syria) --- Moyen-Orient --- Al Mina (Syrie : Site archéologique) --- Antiquities --- Antiquités --- Céramique grecque --- Mina Site (Turkey) --- Al Mina (Syrie : Site archéologique) --- Antiquités --- Greek pottery --- Classical antiquities --- Pottery, Classical --- Harbours --- Seaports --- Channels (Hydraulic engineering) --- Hydraulic structures --- Terminals (Transportation) --- History --- Al Mina Site (Turkey) --- Turkey --- Antiquities. --- Anchorages (Harbors)