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Depuis l’accession au pouvoir d’Hugo Chávez Frías en février 1999, la politique extérieure vénézuélienne se caractérise par un activisme certain et a octroyé au Venezuela une nouvelle visibilité sur la scène internationale. Si les relations houleuses avec les États-Unis de George W. Bush ou celles, souvent décriées, avec l’Iran de Mahmoud Ahmadinejad ont placé Caracas sous les feux de la rampe diplomatique, on ne saurait pour autant occulter d’autres facettes de cette politique, tout aussi symptomatiques de la mutation que vit le Venezuela contemporain quoique moins médiatisées. Discrète et parfois même imperceptible, la politique africaine de Chávez ne fait ainsi guère parler d’elle. Jamais, pourtant, le Venezuela n’a autant tourné les yeux vers l’Afrique. En novembre 2008, la mise en place de relations avec Madagascar a signé l’ultime étape de l’établissement de relations diplomatiques avec tous les pays du continent. En une dizaine d’années, près de 80 accords de coopération ont également été conclus et témoignent d’une rupture importante par rapport au demi-siècle précédent. Le livre de Camille Forite propose un bilan détaillé de la politique africaine du Venezuela entre la fin des années 1990 et la fin des années 2000, en la replaçant dans le contexte historique des relations entre les deux espaces et en l’intégrant au cadre plus global des relations extérieures vénézuéliennes.

Regions & Countries - Americas --- History & Archaeology --- Latin America --- Venezuela --- Africa --- Foreign relations --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Venesuėla --- Republic of Venezuela --- República de Venezuela --- Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela --- República Bolivariana de Venezuela --- Gobierno Bolivariano --- Estados Unidos de Venezuela --- Венесуэла --- Баліварыянская Рэспубліка Венесуэла --- Balivaryi︠a︡nskai︠a︡ Rėspublika Venesuėla --- Венецуела --- Venet︠s︡uela --- Боливарска република Венецуела --- Bolivarska republika Venet︠s︡uela --- Βενεζουέλα --- Venezouela --- Μπολιβαριανή Δημοκρατία της Βενεζουέλας --- Bolivarianē Dēmokratia tēs Venezouelas --- 베네수엘라 --- Penesuella --- 베네수엘라 볼리바르 공화국 --- Penesuella Bollibarŭ Konghwaguk --- Венесуэл --- Venesuėl --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Bolivaryn Venesuėl Uls --- ベネズエラ --- Benezuera --- ベネズエラ・ボリバル共和国 --- Benezuera Boribaru Kyōwakoku --- Боливарианская Республика Венесуэла --- Bolivarianskai︠a︡ Respublika Venesuėla --- Venecuela --- Bolivarska Republika Venecuela --- Venezuelan bolivariaaninen tasavalta --- Bolivarianska republiken Venezuela --- Bolivarcı Venezuela Cumhuriyeti --- Wenesuela --- Wenesuela Boliwar Respublikasy --- Венесуела --- Боліварианська Республіка Венесуела --- Bolivaryansʹka Respublika Venesuela --- 委內瑞拉 --- Weineiruila --- 委內瑞拉玻利瓦爾共和國 --- Weineiruila Boliwa'er Gongheguo --- relations extérieures

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At the beginning of the twentieth century, Venezuela had one of the poorest economies in Latin America, but by 1970 it had become the richest country in the region and one of the twenty richest countries in the world, ahead of countries such as Greece, Israel, and Spain. Between 1978 and 2001, however, Venezuela’s economy went sharply in reverse, with non-oil GDP declining by almost 19 percent and oil GDP by an astonishing 65 percent. What accounts for this drastic turnabout? The editors of Venezuela Before Chávez, who each played a policymaking role in the country’s economy during the past two decades, have brought together a group of economists and political scientists to examine systematically the impact of a wide range of factors affecting the economy’s collapse, from the cost of labor regulation and the development of financial markets to the weakening of democratic governance and the politics of decisions about industrial policy. Aside from the editors, the contributors are Omar Bello, Adriana Bermúdez, Matías Braun, Javier Corrales, Jonathan Di John, Rafael Di Tella, Javier Donna, Samuel Freije, Dan Levy, Robert MacCulloch, Osmel Manzano, Francisco Monaldi, María Antonia Moreno, Daniel Ortega, Michael Penfold, José Pineda, Lant Pritchett, Cameron A. Shelton, and Dean Yang.

Financial crises --- Crashes, Financial --- Crises, Financial --- Financial crashes --- Financial panics --- Panics (Finance) --- Stock exchange crashes --- Stock market panics --- Crises --- Venezuela --- Venesuėla --- Republic of Venezuela --- República de Venezuela --- Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela --- República Bolivariana de Venezuela --- Gobierno Bolivariano --- Estados Unidos de Venezuela --- Венесуэла --- Баліварыянская Рэспубліка Венесуэла --- Balivaryi︠a︡nskai︠a︡ Rėspublika Venesuėla --- Венецуела --- Venet︠s︡uela --- Боливарска република Венецуела --- Bolivarska republika Venet︠s︡uela --- Βενεζουέλα --- Venezouela --- Μπολιβαριανή Δημοκρατία της Βενεζουέλας --- Bolivarianē Dēmokratia tēs Venezouelas --- 베네수엘라 --- Penesuella --- 베네수엘라 볼리바르 공화국 --- Penesuella Bollibarŭ Konghwaguk --- Венесуэл --- Venesuėl --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Bolivaryn Venesuėl Uls --- ベネズエラ --- Benezuera --- ベネズエラ・ボリバル共和国 --- Benezuera Boribaru Kyōwakoku --- Боливарианская Республика Венесуэла --- Bolivarianskai︠a︡ Respublika Venesuėla --- Venecuela --- Bolivarska Republika Venecuela --- Venezuelan bolivariaaninen tasavalta --- Bolivarianska republiken Venezuela --- Bolivarcı Venezuela Cumhuriyeti --- Wenesuela --- Wenesuela Boliwar Respublikasy --- Венесуела --- Боліварианська Республіка Венесуела --- Bolivaryansʹka Respublika Venesuela --- 委內瑞拉 --- Weineiruila --- 委內瑞拉玻利瓦爾共和國 --- Weineiruila Boliwa'er Gongheguo --- Economic policy. --- Economic conditions --- E-books --- Financial crises. --- Venezuela.

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Colombia --- Ecuador --- Venezuela --- Equateur --- Bibliography --- Bibliographie --- Bibliography. --- Venesuėla --- Republic of Venezuela --- República de Venezuela --- Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela --- República Bolivariana de Venezuela --- Gobierno Bolivariano --- Estados Unidos de Venezuela --- Венесуэла --- Баліварыянская Рэспубліка Венесуэла --- Balivaryi︠a︡nskai︠a︡ Rėspublika Venesuėla --- Венецуела --- Venet︠s︡uela --- Боливарска република Венецуела --- Bolivarska republika Venet︠s︡uela --- Βενεζουέλα --- Venezouela --- Μπολιβαριανή Δημοκρατία της Βενεζουέλας --- Bolivarianē Dēmokratia tēs Venezouelas --- 베네수엘라 --- Penesuella --- 베네수엘라 볼리바르 공화국 --- Penesuella Bollibarŭ Konghwaguk --- Венесуэл --- Venesuėl --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Bolivaryn Venesuėl Uls --- ベネズエラ --- Benezuera --- ベネズエラ・ボリバル共和国 --- Benezuera Boribaru Kyōwakoku --- Боливарианская Республика Венесуэла --- Bolivarianskai︠a︡ Respublika Venesuėla --- Venecuela --- Bolivarska Republika Venecuela --- Venezuelan bolivariaaninen tasavalta --- Bolivarianska republiken Venezuela --- Bolivarcı Venezuela Cumhuriyeti --- Wenesuela --- Wenesuela Boliwar Respublikasy --- Венесуела --- Боліварианська Республіка Венесуела --- Bolivaryansʹka Respublika Venesuela --- 委內瑞拉 --- Weineiruila --- 委內瑞拉玻利瓦爾共和國 --- Weineiruila Boliwa'er Gongheguo --- Ėkvador --- Equador --- Republic of Ecuador --- República del Ecuador --- Colombie --- Estados Unidos de Colombia --- Gelunbiya --- Grã-Colômbia --- Gran Colombia --- Kolumbien --- Kolumbii︠a︡ --- Koronbia --- Kūlūmbiyā --- Neu-Granada --- República de Colombia --- United States of Colombia --- Колумбия --- كولومبيا --- コロンビア --- 哥伦比亚 --- Granadine Confederation --- New Granada --- New Granada (Republic : 1832-1858)

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Venezuela --- Politics and government --- Economic conditions --- Social conditions --- Economic history. --- Politics and government. --- Social conditions. --- Venezuela. --- History, Economic --- Balivaryi︠a︡nskai︠a︡ Rėspublika Venesuėla --- Benezuera --- Benezuera Boribaru Kyōwakoku --- Bolivarcı Venezuela Cumhuriyeti --- Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela --- Bolivarianē Dēmokratia tēs Venezouelas --- Bolivarianska republiken Venezuela --- Bolivarianskai︠a︡ Respublika Venesuėla --- Bolivarska Republika Venecuela --- Bolivarska republika Venet︠s︡uela --- Bolivaryansʹka Respublika Venesuela --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Bolivaryn Venesuėl Uls --- Estados Unidos de Venezuela --- Gobierno Bolivariano --- Penesuella --- Penesuella Bollibarŭ Konghwaguk --- Republic of Venezuela --- República Bolivariana de Venezuela --- República de Venezuela --- Venecuela --- Venesuėl --- Venesuėla --- Venet︠s︡uela --- Venezouela --- Venezuelan bolivariaaninen tasavalta --- Weineiruila --- Weineiruila Boliwa'er Gongheguo --- Wenesuela --- Wenesuela Boliwar Respublikasy --- Венесуэла --- Баліварыянская Рэспубліка Венесуэла --- Венецуела --- Боливарска република Венецуела --- Βενεζουέλα --- Μπολιβαριανή Δημοκρατία της Βενεζουέλας --- 베네수엘라 --- 베네수엘라 볼리바르 공화국 --- Венесуэл --- ベネズエラ --- ベネズエラ・ボリバル共和国 --- Боливарианская Республика Венесуэла --- Венесуела --- Боліварианська Республіка Венесуела --- 委內瑞拉 --- 委內瑞拉玻利瓦爾共和國 --- Economics --- Balivaryi͡anskai͡a Rėspublika Venesuėla --- Bolivarianskai͡a Respublika Venesuėla --- Bolivarska republika Venet͡suela --- Venet͡suela

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art --- humanities --- Arts --- Civilization. --- Research --- Research. --- Venezuela --- Venezuela. --- Civilization --- Barbarism --- Civilisation --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Culture --- Arts, Fine --- Arts, Occidental --- Arts, Western --- Fine arts --- Humanities --- Balivaryi͡anskai͡a Rėspublika Venesuėla --- Benezuera --- Benezuera Boribaru Kyōwakoku --- Bolivarcı Venezuela Cumhuriyeti --- Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela --- Bolivarianē Dēmokratia tēs Venezouelas --- Bolivarianska republiken Venezuela --- Bolivarianskai͡a Respublika Venesuėla --- Bolivarska Republika Venecuela --- Bolivarska republika Venet͡suela --- Bolivaryansʹka Respublika Venesuela --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Bolivaryn Venesuėl Uls --- Estados Unidos de Venezuela --- Gobierno Bolivariano --- Penesuella --- Penesuella Bollibarŭ Konghwaguk --- Republic of Venezuela --- República Bolivariana de Venezuela --- República de Venezuela --- Venecuela --- Venesuėl --- Venesuėla --- Venet͡suela --- Venezouela --- Venezuelan bolivariaaninen tasavalta --- Weineiruila --- Weineiruila Boliwa'er Gongheguo --- Wenesuela --- Wenesuela Boliwar Respublikasy --- Венесуэла --- Баліварыянская Рэспубліка Венесуэла --- Balivaryi︠a︡nskai︠a︡ Rėspublika Venesuėla --- Венецуела --- Venet︠s︡uela --- Боливарска република Венецуела --- Bolivarska republika Venet︠s︡uela --- Βενεζουέλα --- Μπολιβαριανή Δημοκρατία της Βενεζουέλας --- 베네수엘라 --- 베네수엘라 볼리바르 공화국 --- Венесуэл --- ベネズエラ --- ベネズエラ・ボリバル共和国 --- Боливарианская Республика Венесуэла --- Bolivarianskai︠a︡ Respublika Venesuėla --- Венесуела --- Боліварианська Республіка Венесуела --- 委內瑞拉 --- 委內瑞拉玻利瓦爾共和國 --- Arts, Primitive