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Estimation of average treatment effects in observational, or non-experimental in pre-treatment variables. If the number of pre-treatment variables is large, and their distribution varies substantially with treatment status, standard adjustment methods such as covariance adjustment are often inadequate. Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983) propose an alternative method for adjusting for pre-treatment variables based on the propensity score conditional probability of receiving the treatment given pre-treatment variables. They demonstrate that adjusting solely for the propensity score removes all the bias associated with differences in pre-treatment variables between treatment and control groups. The Rosenbaum-Rubin proposals deal exclusively with the case where treatment takes on only two values. In this paper an extension of this methodology is proposed that allows for estimation of average causal effects with multi-valued treatments while maintaining the advantages of the propensity score approach.

Analysis of covariance. --- Therapeutics

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Professor Herschel Knapp offers an analysis approach to use when a potentially confounding variable mixes with the data set. This 8th chapter of the nursing statistics series focuses on how to run an ANCOVA test in SPSS.

Nursing --- Analysis of covariance. --- Research --- Statistical methods.

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Analysis of covariance. --- Ergodic theory. --- Envelopes (Geometry)

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A complete guide to cutting-edge techniques and best practices for applying covariance analysis methods The Second Edition of Analysis of Covariance and Alternatives sheds new light on its topic, offering in-depth discussions of underlying assumptions, comprehensive interpretations of results, and comparisons of distinct approaches. The book has been extensively revised and updated to feature an in-depth review of prerequisites and the latest developments in the field. The author begins with a discussion of essential topics relating to experimental design and analysis

Mathematical statistics --- Analysis of covariance --- Analysis of covariance. --- Covariance analysis --- Statistical methods --- Quasi-experiments --- Single-case studies --- Regression analysis --- Regression analysis.

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Analysis of variance. --- Analysis of covariance. --- Nonparametric statistics. --- Confidence intervals.