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In the present volume of the Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology well known experts describe the actions of different xanthines with a focus on caffeine and theophylline. A special chapter is devoted to theobromine, an active component of chocolate, the actions of which are less well characterized. This book also presents the pharmacology of one xanthine derivative, propentofylline, as an example of a xanthine that has gone through extensive development for a novel therapeutic area.

Methylxanthines -- Therapeutic use. --- Methylxanthines. --- Methylxanthines --- Alkaloids --- Purinones --- Purines --- Heterocyclic Compounds --- Xanthines --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Pharmacy, Therapeutics, & Pharmacology --- Medicine. --- Neurochemistry. --- Pharmacology. --- Medical biochemistry. --- Biomedicine. --- Pharmacology/Toxicology. --- Medical Biochemistry. --- Methyl groups --- Xanthine --- Toxicology. --- Biochemistry. --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Biochemistry --- Neurosciences --- Chemicals --- Medicine --- Pharmacology --- Poisoning --- Poisons --- Composition --- Toxicology --- Medical biochemistry --- Pathobiochemistry --- Pathological biochemistry --- Pathology --- Drug effects --- Medical pharmacology --- Chemotherapy --- Drugs --- Pharmacy --- Physiological effect

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In the first 20 years that followed the purinergic signalling hypothesis in 1972, most scientists were sceptical about its validity, largely because ATP was so well established as an intracellular molecule involved in cell biochemistry and it seemed unlikely that such a ubiquitous molecule would act as an extracellular signalling molecule. However, after the receptors for ATP and adenosine were cloned and characterized in the early 1990s and ATP was established as a synaptic transmitter in the brain and sympathetic ganglia, the tide turned. More recently it has become clear that ATP is involved in long-term (trophic) signalling in cell proliferation, differentiation and death, in development and regeneration, as well as in short-term signalling in neurotransmission and secretion. Also, important papers have been published showing the molecular structure of P2X receptors in primitive animals like Amoeba and Schistosoma, as well as green algae. This has led to the recognition of the widespread nature of the purinergic signalling system in most cell types and to a rapid expansion of the field, including studies of the pathophysiology as well as physiology and exploration of the therapeutic potential of purinergic agents. In two books, Geoffrey Burnstock and Alexej Verkhratsky have aimed at drawing together the massive and diverse body of literature on purinergic signalling. The topic of this first book is purinergic signalling in the peripheral and central nervous systems and in the individual senses. In a second book the authors focus on purinergic signalling in non-excitable cells, including those of the airways, kidney, pancreas, endocrine glands and blood vessels. Diseases related to these systems are also considered.

Cell Physiological Processes --- Anatomy --- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled --- Receptors, Neurotransmitter --- Biochemical Processes --- Receptors, Cell Surface --- Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring --- Chemical Processes --- Membrane Proteins --- Cell Physiological Phenomena --- Heterocyclic Compounds --- Biochemical Phenomena --- Proteins --- Phenomena and Processes --- Chemical Phenomena --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Receptors, Purinergic --- Signal Transduction --- Purines --- Nervous System --- Cell Communication --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Physiology --- Cell interaction. --- Nervous system. --- Receptors. --- Cell-cell interaction --- Cell communication --- Cellular communication (Biology) --- Cellular interaction --- Intercellular communication --- Purine receptors --- Purinergic receptors --- Purinoreceptors --- Medicine. --- Human physiology. --- Biomedicine. --- Human Physiology. --- Organs (Anatomy) --- Neurosciences --- Cellular control mechanisms --- Cell receptors --- Human biology --- Medical sciences --- Human body

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 The book aims to cover basic physiologic functions of melatonin, and its therapeutic applications in humans for a variety of clinically relevant disorders. This book contains chapters on the recent aspects of melatonin physiology, its receptors and their role in mitochondrial function, its immunomodulatory role and importance in seasonal dependent diseases, role in human reproduction, role in sleep, circadian rhythm and sleep disorders, role in neurologic disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease. Additionally, melatonin’s therapeutic use in neurobehavioral disorders in children, migraine and tension headache is also covered in this book. Melatonin’s antioxidant role in Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy and in glaucoma have also been discussed in short chapters. Two major melatonin agonists, ramelteon and agomelatine are discussed extensively on their current clinical application and ongoing research. Two chapters on agomelatonin and its role in mood disorders, particularly depressive disorders, are an important feature of this book. The chapters are written by experts from the global academia recognized for their original research and published work in the field of melatonin science.

Melatonin -- Diagnostic use. --- Melatonin -- Physiological effect. --- Melatonin. --- Mental illness -- Physiological aspects. --- Melatonin --- Tryptamines --- Hormones --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Indoles --- Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring --- Heterocyclic Compounds --- Pharmacology --- Medicine --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Internal Medicine --- Animal Biochemistry --- Physiological effect --- Physiological aspects. --- Therapeutic use. --- Acetylmethoxytryptamine --- Methoxyindolylethylacetamide --- Medicine. --- Internal medicine. --- Endocrinology. --- Oncology. --- Neurology. --- Psychiatry. --- Psychopharmacology. --- Medicine & Public Health. --- Internal Medicine. --- Pineal gland --- Tryptamine --- Secretions --- Oncology  . --- Nervous system --- Neuropsychiatry --- Behavioral pharmacology --- Drugs --- Chemotherapy --- Psychotropic drugs --- Medicine and psychology --- Mental health --- Psychology, Pathological --- Internal medicine --- Medicine, Internal --- Tumors --- Diseases --- Psychotropic effects --- Endocrinology . --- Neurology .

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Anxiety disorders have long been a research subject for scientists in different areas of inquiry, and the particular role of serotonin – the neurotransmitter which has probably most captured the imagination of laymen and academics alike – is as elusive as the clinical aspects of serotonergic medications. Why are drugs acting at certain serotonin receptors efficacious against generalized anxiety disorder, but not panic disorder? Why is the inverse true for monoamine oxidase inhibitors? These clinically relevant issues are clarified by the neurochemical, anatomical and physiological organization of the serotonergic system. In this book, the author summarizes the latest findings regarding the role of serotonin in modulating the activity of brain regions which organize behavioral patterns associated with fear, anxiety and stress. The emergent picture is one of far greater complexity than previously thought: while the serotonergic innervation of those brain regions arises from the same structure – the dorsal raphe nucleus – that structure is not homogeneous from anatomical, physiological and neurochemical points of view, nor are its projections to the cerebral aversive and behavioral inhibition systems. The diverse findings which compose this picture of complexity – whether they arise from developmental neurobiology, electrophysiology, neurochemistry, neuroendocrinology, neuropsychopharmacology or behavioral neuroscience – are integrated in this book. Advanced undergraduate, graduate students, and researchers will benefit from the information. The result sheds light on many important questions regarding the neuroanatomical, pharmacological and functional aspects of the role of serotonin in anxiety disorders, and points to future avenues of research.

Anxiety -- Chemotherapy. --- Mental illness -- Pathophysiology. --- Serotonin -- Pathophysiology. --- Serotonin -- Therapeutic use. --- Sleep disorders -- Pathophysiology. --- Serotonin --- Psychopharmacology --- Emotions --- Tryptamines --- Autacoids --- Brain --- Inflammation Mediators --- Biogenic Monoamines --- Central Nervous System --- Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms --- Indoles --- Biological Factors --- Nervous System --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Biogenic Amines --- Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring --- Anatomy --- Heterocyclic Compounds --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Amines --- Organic Chemicals --- Anxiety --- Limbic System --- Medicine --- Psychiatry --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Psychiatric Disorders, Individual --- Neurology --- Physiological effect --- Chemotherapy. --- Agonists. --- Receptors. --- 5-HT (Neurotransmitter) --- Hydroxytryptamine --- Angst --- Anxieties --- Anxiousness --- Medicine. --- Neurosciences. --- Neurology. --- Psychiatry. --- Biomedicine. --- Medicine and psychology --- Mental health --- Psychology, Pathological --- Nervous system --- Neuropsychiatry --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Medical sciences --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Diseases --- Stress (Psychology) --- Agitation (Psychology) --- Fear --- Worry --- Neurotransmitters --- Tryptamine --- Neurology .

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Drugs acting through 5-HT (5-hydroxytryptamine, or serotonin) systems modulate memory and its alterations, but the mechanisms by which they do so are poorly understood. Agonists and antagonists for 5-HT receptors, as well as serotonin uptake inhibitors, present promnesic (memory-promoting) and/or anti-amnesic effects under different conditions, and 5-HT receptors are also associated with neural changes. The Role of 5-HT Systems on Memory and Dysfunctional Memory: Emergent Targets for Memory Formation and Memory Alterations reviews and summarizes the most recent research related to 5-

Serotonin --- Memory disorders --- Memory --- Biochemical Processes --- Tryptamines --- Neurobehavioral Manifestations --- Autacoids --- Cell Physiological Processes --- Learning --- Neurologic Manifestations --- Inflammation Mediators --- Chemical Processes --- Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms --- Indoles --- Mental Processes --- Biochemical Phenomena --- Biogenic Monoamines --- Cell Physiological Phenomena --- Phenomena and Processes --- Biological Factors --- Chemical Phenomena --- Signs and Symptoms --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Nervous System Diseases --- Psychological Phenomena and Processes --- Biogenic Amines --- Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring --- Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms --- Heterocyclic Compounds --- Amines --- Diseases --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Organic Chemicals --- Memory Disorders --- Signal Transduction --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Pharmacy, Therapeutics, & Pharmacology --- Chemotherapy --- Serotonin. --- Memory. --- Chemotherapy. --- Retention (Psychology) --- Intellect --- Psychology --- Thought and thinking --- Comprehension --- Executive functions (Neuropsychology) --- Mnemonics --- Perseveration (Psychology) --- Reproduction (Psychology) --- Impairment, Memory --- Memory, Disorders of --- Memory impairment --- Paramnesia --- Cognition disorders --- 5-HT (Neurotransmitter) --- Hydroxytryptamine --- Neurotransmitters --- Tryptamine