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This volume is a clear introduction to methods of data collection and analysis in the social sciences, with a special focus on interpretive methods based on a logic of discovering hypotheses and grounded theories. The chief methods presented are participant observation, open interviews and biographical case reconstruction. The special advantages of interpretive methods, as against other qualitative methods, are revealed by comparing them to content analysis. Empirical examples show how the methods presented can be implemented in practice, and concrete problems connected with conducting empirical research are discussed. By presenting individual case studies, the author shows how to apply the principle of openness when collecting empirical data, whether through interviews or observations, and she offers rules for analysis based on the principles of reconstruction and sequentiality.

Participant observation.

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Dr Grace Spencer discusses her experiences with participatory research, particularly involving children and adolescents. Participatory research often involves giving away control and power over what happens during a study, in order to elicit more authentic data. Spencer addresses issues of power and situated ethics.

Participant observation. --- Research --- Methodology.

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Observation (Scientific method) --- Psychoanalysis

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The third edition of the SAGE Handbook of Action Research presents a fully updated version of the bestselling text, including new chapters written by key figures in the field covering emerging areas in healthcare, social work, education and international development, as well as an expanded 'skills' section which includes new consultant-relevant materials. Building on the strength of the previous editions, editor Hilary Bradbury has carefully developed the third edition to take a strong international approach to the topic of action research and thus expanding the already-impressive scale and scope of the work. In essence, the third edition follows in the footsteps of the landmark previous editions by mapping the current state of the discipline, as well as looking to the future of the field and exploring the issues at the cutting edge of the action research paradigm today. This volume is an essential resource for scholars and professionals engaged in social and political inquiry, organizational research and education.

Action research --- Participant observation

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Professor Grace Spencer defines participatory visual research as an interactive method of research that incorporates visual cues and tools. She also highlights the ability of cameras to capture individual and unique perspectives.

Participant observation. --- Research --- Methodology.