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En 1763, l’Espagne n’est plus en mesure de défendre seule La Havane. Désireuse de développer une économie coloniale, elle négocie une réforme politique et économique avec les élites locales. Ces élites, encouragées à participer activement et financièrement à la défense de l’Île, reçoivent en contrepartie certains avantages, notamment pour favoriser la production du sucre de canne. La monarchie suscite une compétition pour l’obtention de titres de Castille et gagne ainsi la fidélité d’une quarantaine de familles. Rapidement, ces familles de planteurs enrichis, qui forment la saccharocratie, deviennent de formidables alliées de la Couronne espagnole et s’avèrent, à Cuba, des partenaires incontournables. Dans les années 1820, bien que ces aristocrates soient de plus en plus fragilisés par leur endogamie et par la concurrence des commerçants, ils seront un frein à l’évolution de Cuba vers l’indépendance. En 1763 España ya no está en condiciones de defender sola La Habana. Deseosa de desarrollar una economía colonial, negocia con las élites criollas una reforma política y económica. Dichas élites, animadas a participar activa y financieramente en la defensa de la isla, reciben privilegios como contrapartida. La monarquía española fideliza a unas cuarenta familias otorgándoles títulos de Castilla y, rápidamente, estas familias de plantadores enriquecidos -la sacarocracia- se convertirán en un formidable aliado de la Corona española. Hacia 1820, debilitados por su endogamia y la competencia de los comerciantes, estos mismos aristócratas constituirán un freno en la evolución de Cuba hacia su independencia.

History --- économie --- colonie --- sucre --- élite --- réforme --- endogamie --- saccharocratie --- Havane

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Industrial economics --- Food science and technology --- Belgium --- Industrie sucrière --- Périodiques --- Suikerindustrie --- Tijdschriften --- Sugar --- Sucre --- Manufacturing and refining --- Periodicals --- Fabrication et raffinage --- Industrie du sucre --- Sugar industry --- #ANTILTPNE9512 --- Périodiques --- Sugar trade --- Manufacture and refining --- Manufacture and refining.

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Sugar trade --- -Sugar bounties --- Sugar industry --- Sweetener industry --- History --- -Sugar trade --- -History --- Sugar bounties --- Sucre --- Industrie et commerce --- Allemagne

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Sugar trade --- Sucre --- Industrie --- Beauharnais family. --- France --- West Indies, French --- Sugar bounties --- Sugar industry --- Sweetener industry --- Antilles, French --- Antilles françaises --- French Antilles --- French West Indies --- Antilles, Lesser --- History --- 18th century --- West Indies [French ] --- Beauharnais family --- Biography --- Sugar trade - France. --- Sugar trade - West Indies, French. --- Sucre - Industrie - France. --- Sucre - Industrie - Antilles francaises.

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In Sugar in the Social Life of Medieval Islam Tsugitaka Sato explores the actual day-to-day life in medieval Muslim societies through different aspects of sugar. Drawing from a wealth of historical sources - chronicles, geographies, travel accounts, biographies, medical and pharmacological texts, and more - he describes sugarcane cultivation, sugar production, the sugar trade, and sugar's use as a sweetener, a medicine, and a symbol of power. He gives us a new perspective on the history of the Middle East, as well as the history of sugar across the world. This book is a posthumous work by a leading scholar of Middle Eastern and Islamic studies in Japan who made many contributions to this field.

Sugar --- Sucre --- Social aspects --- Aspect social --- Empire islamique --- Islamic Empire --- Social life and customs --- Moeurs et coutume --- Moeurs et coutumes --- Moyen âge --- Islam --- Production --- Canne à sucre --- Dietary Sucrose --- Social Behavior --- Culture. --- Islam. --- History, Medieval. --- Manners and customs. --- Zucker. --- Gesellschaft. --- Alltag. --- history. --- Social aspects. --- Middle East. --- Islamic Empire. --- Social life and customs. --- Cane sugar --- Arab countries --- Arab Empire --- Empire, Islamic --- Middle East --- Muslim Empire --- History --- Sugarcane products --- Sugars --- Production. --- Canne à sucre. --- Islamic empire