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Mycotoxins are a Public Health concern that in last year have reached the top 10 food and product hazard categories in the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF), with almost six hundred notifications. The toxicological effects of mycotoxins are evaluated through the extrapolation of results from in vivo and in vitro assays. Studies of mycotoxins’ effects at the cellular level precede those in organs and systems. All these studies are key steps for risk assessment and following legislation for mycotoxins. This Special Issue of Toxins comprises 10 original contributions and two reviews. The Issue reports new findings regarding toxic mechanisms, the use of innovative techniques to study the potential toxicity of mycotoxins not only individually but in combination, reflecting a real scenario according to current studies of mycotoxins.

Destruxin A --- Bombyx mori --- binding protein --- BmTudor-sn --- Bm12 cell --- Ochratoxin A (OTA) --- human Stem Cells --- mycotoxins --- cells --- cytotoxicity --- cell culture --- T-2 toxin --- HT-2 toxin --- apoptosis --- autophagy --- endophyte --- fungi --- neurotoxin --- lolitrems --- ochratoxin A --- beauvericin --- mixtures --- HepG2 cells --- genotoxicity --- cell cycle --- Fusarium --- Aspergillus --- Penicillium --- Alternaria --- emerging mycotoxin --- in vitro --- IPEC-J2 --- occurrence data --- trichothecene --- biosynthetic pathway --- acetyltransferase --- deacetylase --- deoxynivalenol --- 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol --- isotrichodermol --- isotrichodermin --- differentiated Caco-2 cells --- cell apoptosis --- transcriptome analysis --- hepatocyte --- chicken --- acute toxicity --- combined toxicity --- cell protection --- silibinin --- in silico prediction --- co-culture models --- mycotoxin interaction --- Loewe additivity --- combination index --- isobologram --- Chou-Talalay method --- MixLow --- IPEC-J2 cells --- RNA-seq --- inflammation --- MAPKs --- n/a --- Medicine.

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This book provides new and in-depth insights into molecular aspects of plant cell signaling in response to biotic, such as aphid- and grey mold disease-resistance, and abiotic stresses, such as soil salinity and drought stress, and additionally, functional analysis on signaling components involved in flowering, juvenility, GA signaling, and biosynthesis, and miRNA-regulated gene expression. Furthermore, plant acclimation was reported, with emphasis on mechanistic insights into the roles of brassinosteroids, cyclic AMP, and hydrogen sulfide, and the recent advances of transmembrane receptor-like kinases were refined. Clearly, plant cell signaling is an intensive topic and whether it is now or in the future, the emerging technology in functional analysis such as genome editing technologies, high-throughput technologies, integrative multiple-omics as well as bioinformatics can assist researchers to reveal novel aspects of the regulatory mechanisms of plant growth and development, and acclimation to environmental and biotic stresses. The achievement of such research will be useful in improving crop stress tolerances to increase agricultural productivity and sustainability for the food supply of the world.

salinity --- selenium (Se) --- crops --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- enzymatic anti-oxidative system --- drought --- GA --- DELLA --- ABF2 --- protein–protein interaction --- Arabidopsis --- endocytosis --- microRNAs --- miPEPs --- peptides --- development --- kinase --- receptor --- stress --- tobacco --- calcium --- calcite --- reactive oxygen species --- ion channels --- cellular signalization --- brassinosteroids --- receptor-like kinases --- GSK3-like kinases --- somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinases --- protein phosphatases --- Malus domestica --- Rosaceae --- juvenility --- FLOWERING LOCUS C --- flowering --- Hydrogen sulfide --- S-sulfhydration --- plant hormone --- gasotransmitter --- disease resistance --- plant defense --- herbivore --- phytohormone --- plant biotic stress --- plant signalling --- Medicago truncatula --- abiotic stress --- cAMP --- cyclic nucleotides-gated channels --- plant innate immunity --- Botrytis cinerea --- tomato --- iprodione --- mutant --- transcriptome analysis --- metabolism --- catalytic activity --- dwarfism --- gene cloning --- MNP1 --- CPS --- ABA signaling --- brassinosteroid signaling cascade --- drought tolerance --- priming --- stress adaptation --- stress memory --- CRISPR/Cas9 --- DELLA/TVHYNP --- Dwarf --- GA20OX2 --- GA signaling --- n/a --- protein-protein interaction

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Salt stress is one of the most damaging abiotic stresses because most crop plants are susceptible to salinity to different degrees. According to the FAO, about 800 million Has of land are affected by salinity worldwide. Unfortunately, this situation will worsen in the context of climate change, where there will be an overall increase in temperature and a decrease in average annual rainfall worldwide. This Special Issue presents different research works and reviews on the response of plants to salinity, focused from different points of view: physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels. Although an important part of the studies on the response to salinity have been carried out with Arabidopsis plants, the use of other species with agronomic interest is also notable, including woody plants. Most of the conducted studies in this Special Issue were focused on the identification and characterization of candidate genes for salt tolerance in higher plants. This identification would provide valuable information about the molecular and genetic mechanisms involved in the salt tolerance response, and it also supplies important resources to breeding programs for salt tolerance in plants.

soluble nutrients --- transcription factor --- n/a --- CDPK --- salicylic acid --- antioxidant enzymes --- light saturation point --- phytohormone --- ion homeostasis --- antioxidant systems --- photosynthesis --- Chlamydomonas reinhardtii --- high salinity --- nitric oxide --- poplars (Populus) --- root activity --- abiotic stresses --- transcriptional activator --- germination --- ABA --- transcriptome --- mandelonitrile --- redox homeostasis --- association mapping. --- redox signalling --- osmotic stress --- flax --- strigolactones --- salt tolerance --- nucleolin --- CaDHN5 --- photosystem --- EST-SSR --- NMT --- Sapium sebiferum --- Gossypium arboretum --- SOS --- Brassica napus --- SnRK2 --- HKT1 --- grapevine --- transcription factors --- cucumber --- underpinnings of salt stress responses --- abiotic stress --- Arabidopsis thaliana --- RNA-seq --- halophytes --- single nucleotide polymorphisms --- dehydrin --- J8-1 plum line --- chlorophyll fluorescence --- natural variation --- hydrogen peroxide --- salt stress --- lipid peroxidation --- ROS detoxification --- ROP --- molecular mechanisms --- cell membrane injury --- booting stage --- ascorbate cycle --- banana (Musa acuminata L.) --- iTRAQ quantification --- ROS --- Na+ --- Capsicum annuum L. --- bZIP transcription factors --- multiple bioactive constituents --- NaCl stress --- physiological changes --- VOZ --- transcriptional regulation --- genome-wide identification --- Apocyni Veneti Folium --- impairment of photosynthesis --- salt-stress --- Oryza sativa --- reactive oxygen species --- lipid accumulation --- polyamines --- multivariate statistical analysis --- DEUs --- salinity --- TGase --- Salt stress --- Prunus domestica --- proteomics --- Arabidopsis --- RNA binding protein --- rice --- glycophytes --- SsMAX2 --- drought --- genome-wide association study --- transcriptome analysis --- signal pathway --- melatonin --- MaROP5g

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This volume presents recent research achievements concerning the molecular genetic basis of agronomic traits in rice. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important food crop in the world, being a staple food for more than half of the world’s population. Recent improvements in living standards have increased the worldwide demand for high-yielding and high-quality rice cultivars. To achieve improved agricultural performance in rice, while overcoming the challenges presented by climate change, it is essential to understand the molecular basis of agronomically important traits. Recently developed techniques in molecular biology, especially in genomics and other related omics fields, can reveal the complex molecular mechanisms involved in the control of agronomic traits. As rice was the first crop genome to be sequenced, in 2004, molecular research tools for rice are well-established, and further molecular studies will enable the development of novel rice cultivars with superior agronomic performance.

chloroplast RNA splicing and ribosome maturation (CRM) domain --- intron splicing --- chloroplast development --- rice --- rice (Oryza sativa L.), grain size and weight --- Insertion/Deletion (InDel) markers --- multi-gene allele contributions --- genetic variation --- rice germplasm --- disease resistance --- microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) --- Pyricularia oryzae (formerly Magnaporthe oryzae) --- Oryza sativa (rice) --- receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK) --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- salinity --- osmotic stress --- combined stress --- GABA --- phenolic metabolism --- CIPKs genes --- shoot apical meristem --- transcriptomic analysis --- co-expression network --- tiller --- nitrogen rate --- rice (Oryza sativa L.) --- quantitative trait locus --- grain protein content --- single nucleotide polymorphism --- residual heterozygote --- rice (Oryza sativa) --- specific length amplified fragment sequencing --- Kjeldahl nitrogen determination --- near infrared reflectance spectroscopy --- heterosis --- yield components --- high-throughput sequence --- FW2.2-like gene --- tiller number --- grain yield --- CRISPR/Cas9 --- genome editing --- off-target effect --- heat stress --- transcriptome --- anther --- anthesis --- pyramiding --- bacterial blight --- marker-assisted selection --- foreground selection --- background selection --- japonica rice --- cold stress --- germinability --- high-density linkage map --- QTLs --- seed dormancy --- ABA --- seed germination --- chromosome segment substitution lines --- linkage mapping --- Oryza sativa L. --- chilling stress --- chlorophyll biosynthesis --- chloroplast biogenesis --- epidermal characteristics --- AAA-ATPase --- salicylic acid --- fatty acid --- Magnaporthe oryzae --- leaf senescence --- quantitative trait loci --- transcriptome analysis --- genetic --- epigenetic --- global methylation --- transgenic --- phenotype --- OsNAR2.1 --- dwarfism --- OsCYP96B4 --- metabolomics --- NMR --- qRT-PCR --- bHLH transcription factor --- lamina joint --- leaf angle --- long grain --- brassinosteroid signaling --- blast disease --- partial resistance --- pi21 --- haplotype --- high night temperature --- wet season --- dry season --- n/a

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Abiotic stress represents the main constraint for agriculture, affecting plant growth and productivity worldwide. Yield losses in agriculture will be potentiated in the future by global warming, increasing contamination, and reduced availability of fertile land. The challenge for agriculture of the present and future is that of increasing the food supply for a continuously growing human population under environmental conditions that are deteriorating in many areas of the world. Minimizing the effects of diverse types of abiotic stresses represents a matter of general concern. Research on all topics related to abiotic stress tolerance, from understanding the stress response mechanisms of plants to developing cultivars and crops tolerant to stress, is a priority. This Special Issue is focused on the physiological and molecular characterization of crop resistance to abiotic stresses, including novel research, reviews, and opinion articles covering all aspects of the responses and mechanisms of plant tolerance to abiotic. Contributions on physiological, biochemical, and molecular studies of crop responses to abiotic stresses; the description and role of stress-responsive genes; marker-assisted screening of stress-tolerant genotypes; genetic engineering; and other biotechnological approaches to improve crop tolerance were considered.

silicon --- strawberry --- total antioxidants --- drought --- stress responses --- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) --- Rhizophagus clarus --- flood --- plants --- hormonal homeostasis --- physiological activity --- drought tolerance --- LEA --- Tevang 1 maize --- tobacco --- xylem vessel --- water stress --- root anatomy --- vegetable crops --- stomatal conductance --- canopy temperature --- chlorophyll fluorescence --- SPAD --- common buckwheat --- cotyledon --- root --- drought stress --- transcriptome analysis --- alfalfa --- evaluation --- growth --- heat stress --- physiological traits --- sodium azide --- okra --- waterlogging stress --- antioxidants --- gene expression --- salinity --- sodium --- potassium --- ion homeostasis-transport determinants --- CBL gene family --- Provitamin A --- maize --- morphological --- physiological --- biochemical --- β-carotene --- Capsicum annuum L. --- salt stress --- salicylic acid --- yeast --- proline --- pomegranate --- transcriptome --- tissue-specific --- signaling transduction pathways --- transcription factors --- ultrastructure --- osmotic stress --- wheat --- barley --- summer maize --- female panicle --- Abiotic stress --- climate change --- combined drought and heat stress --- genetic resources --- landrace accessions --- coated-urea fertilizer --- humic acid --- lignosulfonate --- natural polymers --- seaweed extract --- aquaporin --- Brassica rapa --- gas exchange parameters --- root hydraulic conductance --- zinc --- ALA --- abiotic stress --- chlorophyll --- photosynthesis --- antioxidant enzyme --- tomato cultivars --- salinity tolerance --- antioxidant activity --- lycopene --- ascorbic acid --- total polyphenols content --- Capsicum annuum --- root structure --- root hairs --- phosphorus use efficiency --- P-starvation --- macrominerals --- nutrient --- breeding --- eggplant --- wild relative --- vegetative growth --- ion homeostasis --- osmolytes --- oxidative stress --- Phaseolus --- landrace --- seed --- germination --- genetic approach --- sustainable agriculture --- weeds --- natural herbicides --- secondary metabolites --- postemergence --- phytotoxicity --- abiotic stress biomarkers --- bean landraces --- plant breeding --- salt stress tolerance --- water deficit --- water stress tolerance --- tea plant --- cold stress --- chitosan oligosaccharide --- physiological response --- plant growth --- agriculture --- traditions --- pseudo-science --- lunar phases --- physics --- biology --- education --- flooding --- nutrient stress --- ROS