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In this impressive synthesis, William Harris narrates the history of the sectarian communities of Mount Lebanon and its vicinity. He offers a fresh perspective on the antecedents of modern multi-communal Lebanon, tracing the consolidation of Lebanon's Christian, Muslim, and Islamic derived sects from their origins between the sixth and eleventh centuries. The identities of Maronite Christians, Twelver Shia Muslims, and Druze, the mountain communities, developed alongside assertions of local chiefs under external powers from the Umayyads to the Ottomans. The chiefs began interacting in a common

Lebanon --- History.

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Hizballah (Lebanon)

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Exploring the ways in which writers utilize the spaces of the city - joining the factual with the imaginary - this book shows how idiosyncratic perceptions of Beirut are produced, generating an infinite number of Beiruts. The city emerges as interactive, dynamic and historical, a place that is created from the streets, buildings, and monuments as well as through performance and social interaction. By referring to factual places in Beirut, the novels produce a strong reality effect through a mimetic mode of expression. Simultaneously, these texts reveal that Beirut is an unstable locale that resists fixity and transparency, shifting between the real and imagined, and the quotidian and discursive. Writing Beirut explores the city in 16 Arabic novels focusing on the urban/rural divide, the imagined and idealized city, the city through panoramic views and pedestrian acts, the city as sexualized and gendered, and the city as a palimpsest. While the book focuses on Beirut in Arabic novels, the introduction provides a thorough overview of Beirut in the modern Arabic novel.Key Features: * Takes an innovative approach to Beirut focusing on the spatial and geographical in a close literary analysis of 16 modern Arabic novels from various parts of the Arab world *Shows how Beirut is imagined in fiction and how writers use the spaces of the city *Draws on sources from the field of geography and space including Foucault, Lefebvre, de Certeau, Sja and Rose

Arabic fiction --- Arabic literature --- Middle Eastern Languages & Literatures --- Languages & Literatures --- History and criticism --- Beirut (Lebanon) --- Beirut --- Beyrout (Lebanon) --- Beyrouth (Lebanon) --- Bejrut (Lebanon) --- Bayrūt (Lebanon) --- Vērytos (Lebanon) --- Baladīyat Bayrūt (Lebanon) --- بيروت (Lebanon) --- Βηρυττός (Lebanon) --- Vēryttos (Lebanon) --- Berytus (Lebanon) --- ביירות (Lebanon) --- Bairut (Lebanon) --- Beyrut (Lebanon) --- Berut (Lebanon) --- Beiroet (Lebanon) --- Beirots (Lebanon) --- Горад Бейрут (Lebanon) --- Horad Beĭrut (Lebanon) --- Бейрут (Lebanon) --- Beirout (Lebanon) --- Βηρυτός (Lebanon) --- Bejruto (Lebanon) --- Béiriút (Lebanon) --- 베이루트 (Lebanon) --- Beirutʻŭ (Lebanon) --- Bewout (Lebanon) --- Beirūta (Lebanon) --- Beirutas (Lebanon) --- Бејрут (Lebanon) --- Бейрут ошсь (Lebanon) --- Beĭrut oshsʹ (Lebanon) --- ベイルート (Lebanon) --- Beirūto (Lebanon) --- Beirot (Lebanon) --- Beirute (Lebanon) --- 贝鲁特 (Lebanon) --- Beilute (Lebanon) --- In literature. --- History and criticism.

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When civil conflicts break out in plural societies, violence often occurs along group divides—running the risk of spiraling into ethnic cleansing. Yet for militants who do not seek ethnic separation as a political goal, indiscriminate attacks are detrimental to their cause. Under what circumstances are such combatants more or less likely to commit ethnic violence?Nils Hägerdal examines the Lebanese civil war to offer a new theory that highlights the interplay of ethnicity and intelligence gathering. He shows that when militias can obtain reliable intelligence—particularly in demographically intermixed areas where information can cross ethnic boundaries—they are likely to refrain from indiscriminate tactics. Access to local intelligence helps armed groups distinguish between neutral and hostile non-coethnics to target individual opponents while leaving civilians in peace. Conversely, when militias struggle to access local information, they often fall back on ethnicity as a proxy for political allegiance, with bloody consequences. As intelligence capabilities shape the course of sectarian strife, the role of ethnicity can vary even within a particular conflict.Hägerdal conducted sixteen months of fieldwork in Lebanon, interviewing former militia fighters and commanders and collecting novel statistical evidence. He combines documentation by government agencies, NGOs, local news media, and the United Nations with firsthand narratives by participants to provide an unparalleled account of the processes that generate violence or coexistence when a diverse society descends into armed conflict. Theoretically innovative and descriptively rich, Friend or Foe sheds new light on the logic and dynamics of ethnic violence in civil wars.

Ethnic conflict --- Lebanon --- Lebanon --- History --- Ethnic relations.

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"This book is concerned with the activism of the Lebanese Hizbullah movement towards strengthening its status in the Lebanese arena. It focuses on the Hizbullah's contribution to the development of the concept of Muqawamah (resistance) as part of a counter-hegemonic project"--

Hizballah (Lebanon) --- Lebanon --- Politics and government