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Invasive and chronic fungal infections have become a formidable clinical opponent, and foremost among them is Aspergillus fumigatus. Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillosis assembles chapters from a large and international contingent of experts in the field to explore every major aspect of A. fumigatus and how it kills so many patients.

Aspergillus fumigatus. --- Aspergillosis.

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Aspergillus fumigatus is a human fungal pathogen that causes invasive aspergillosis (IA), a major infectious cause of death in the expanding population of immunocompromised individuals such as cancer patients and transplant recipients. The mortality of IA remains high (30-70%) and emerging resistance to triazoles, the first-line antifungal drug class, is of particular concern. Second-line therapies for IA are limited by their toxicity (polyenes) or their lack of fungicidal activity (echinocandins). Identification of novel antifungal targets is an urgent need for improving the outcome of IA. A. fumigatus is a filamentous fungus exhibiting a complex developmental cycle and elaborated mechanisms of adaptation to allow the initiation and progression of infection in the human host. The fungal cell wall, with its unique and dynamic structure, is crucial for protecting cell integrity and evading the host immune system, also contributing to biofilm formation and virulence, and thus representing an ideal antifungal target. However, compensatory mechanisms of cell wall remodeling are present and still poorly understood. Recent work has highlighted the key roles of intracellular signaling proteins or molecular chaperones, such as calcineurin or the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), in morphogenesis, stress responses, virulence and antifungal resistance. The emergence of azole resistance implies various and complex mechanisms that need to be further elucidated. Other important processes, such as biosynthetic pathways and toxin/metabolite production are important for fungal survival and propagation in the host environment, ultimately leading to disease. Moreover, the host immune response is a determinant factor in influencing the course of infection. The objective of this topic issue is to provide an overview of the recent advances in our understanding of A. fumigatus pathobiology and of IA pathogenesis to outline future research. The topic will focus on mechanisms of antifungal resistance, stress adaptation and virulence and the discovery of potential novel antifungal targets via a genetic and molecular approach. Articles related to the interactions of A. fumigatus with the host immune system in the development of IA are also welcomed. We intend to collect a large variety of article types, including complete and comprehensive reviews, expert opinions, hypotheses, and also original research articles illustrating new aspects and approaches on this topic. Through this project, we expect to open an opportunity for all scientists in the world dedicated to the pathobiology of this major human fungal pathogen to share their knowledge, experience and opinions and assemble their efforts in defining main research axes to progress in our quest of improved antifungal strategies against IA.

Aspergillus fumigatus. --- Pathogenic microorganisms --- Aspergillus fumigatus --- Research. --- pathogenicity. --- invasive aspergillosis --- Fungal cell wall --- Fungal Virulence --- antifungal resistance

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Aspergillosis is an infection or allergic response caused by the fungus Aspergillus. Aspergillus conidia are widely dispersed in the environment and can easily reach human lungs and/or paranasal sinuses: most people inhale Aspergillosis spores every day! The label Aspergillosis is used for several diverse clinical conditions. For instance, invasive Aspergillosis typically affects severely immunocompromised patients such as those with prolonged neutropenia or receiving therapy with steroids. On the other hand, allergic forms of Aspergillosis cause exuberant clinical syndromes that mostly affect patients with asthma and cystic fibrosis. Slowly destructive lung diseases may also occur in the apparently immunocompentent host, especially in the context of previous damage to the lung architecture. These are difficult-to-diagnose infections, and diagnostic tests perform differently depending on the specific scenario. This book summarizes the current knowledge about Aspergillosis, covering: Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical manifestations Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Written by internationally respected authors, the information presented in this book adds for a better understanding of Aspergillosis by providing a comprehensive and clear overview of all aspects associated with this complex disease.

Aspergillosis. --- Aspergillus -- pathogenicity. --- Medicine. --- Aspergillosis --- Mycoses --- Mitosporic Fungi --- Lung Diseases, Fungal --- Pulmonary Aspergillosis --- Aspergillus --- Lung Diseases --- Fungi --- Bacterial Infections and Mycoses --- Diseases --- Eukaryota --- Respiratory Tract Diseases --- Organisms --- Medicine --- Infectious Diseases --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Internal medicine. --- Medicine, Internal --- Aspergillus diseases --- Aspergillus infections --- Parasitology. --- Hematology. --- Infectious diseases. --- Respiratory organs --- Biomedicine. --- Infectious Diseases. --- Biomedicine general. --- Internal Medicine. --- Pneumology/Respiratory System. --- Diseases. --- Medical parasitology. --- Emerging infectious diseases. --- Pneumology. --- Haematology --- Internal medicine --- Blood --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Emerging infections --- New infectious diseases --- Re-emerging infectious diseases --- Reemerging infectious diseases --- Communicable diseases --- Human beings --- Human parasitology --- Parasitology --- Parasitic diseases --- Parasites --- Health Workforce --- Respiratory organs—Diseases. --- Biomedicine, general. --- Biology

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This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue Fungal Infections in Immunocompromised Hosts that was published in JoF

toxicity --- risk assessment --- species complex --- galactomannan --- taxonomy --- Aspergillus PCR --- candidemia --- adaptive immunity --- fungal immunity --- T2 Candida --- anti-fungal agents --- innate immunity --- antifungal stewardship --- Immunotherapy --- Candida meningoencephalitis --- liposomal amphotericin B --- anidulafungin --- liver disease --- invasive mold disease --- T2Candida --- AIDS --- (1?3)-?-d-glucan --- literature review --- yeast --- hepatic impairment --- prediction models --- IRIS --- invasive aspergillosis --- antifungal agent --- TNF inhibitors --- Aspergillus fumigatus --- fungal nomenclature --- micafungin --- non-culture-based diagnostics --- PCR --- paracoccidioidomycosis --- Candida auris --- multidrug resistance --- subcutaneous mycoses --- risk score --- mycoses of implantation --- Sporothrix brasiliensis --- antifungal resistance --- immunocompromised hosts --- Sporothrix schenckii --- Aspergillus --- fungus --- cell therapy --- MALDI-ToF MS --- lateral flow --- phylogenetics --- hematological malignancy --- candidiasis --- antifungal drug --- hematological malignancies --- mycoses --- invasive fungal infections --- lymphoma --- kidney transplant --- immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome --- mechanisms of antifungal resistance --- fungal infections --- cytokine therapy --- sporotrichosis --- beta-d-glucan --- invasive fungal infection --- HIV --- cat-transmitted sporotrichosis --- aspergillosis --- cancer --- prognostic risk model

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Dear Colleagues, A rare disease, also known as an orphan disease, is any disease that affects a small percentage of the population. Although definitions vary from continent to continent, according to the European Union, rare diseases are those with a prevalence of less than 1 in 2000 people. Rare diseases are, in general, chronic, debilitating diseases, which in many cases threaten patients’ lives. It is estimated that 1–2 million people in the European Union are affected by a rare respiratory disease, which is a public health problem. Due to the low prevalence and severity of many of these diseases, whose symptoms often initially manifest in childhood, combined efforts are needed to improve our knowledge of the pathophysiology of these diseases that will lead to the development of new, more effective treatments. Therefore, since rare respiratory diseases represent an important field in medicine, we propose this Special Issue to promote the dissemination of the latest advances in basic and clinical research in these diseases. Prof. Dr. Francisco Dasí Guest Editor

standard diagnosis --- reference centres --- clinical presentation --- cilia --- primary ciliary dyskinesia --- alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency --- rare respiratory diseases --- Mycobacterium avium --- Mycobacterium intracellulare --- nodular bronchiectasis --- non-tuberculous mycobacteria --- pulmonary aspergillosis --- rare pulmonary disease --- miRNA expression --- exhaled breath condensate --- sputum --- severity --- pulmonary exacerbation --- alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency --- augmentation therapy --- replacement therapy --- rare diseases --- gene therapy --- alpha-1-antitrypsin deficit --- cystic fibrosis --- neonatal respiratory distress --- laterality defect --- orphan diseases --- PCD --- immunofluorescence --- antibody --- ALI culture --- bio-resource --- primary nasal epithelium --- diagnostics --- Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency --- liver disease --- glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase --- glutamate-pyruvate transaminase --- gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase --- resilience --- active lifestyle --- stress levels --- infection control measure --- self-quarantine --- flow cytometry --- nasal epithelium --- oxidative stress --- reactive oxygen species --- endoplasmic reticulum stress --- antioxidant therapies --- idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis --- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease --- bronchiectasis --- asthma --- emphysema --- alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency --- transient elastography --- n/a