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Contrairement au sens commun, le domaine méditerranéen ne se limite pas à l'espace géographique situé autour du bassin de la Méditerranée. Caractérisé par ses étés chauds et secs et ses hivers humides, le milieu méditerranéen marque la transition entre domaine tempéré et tropical. Il trouve son expression la plus emblématique autour de la Méditerranée mais on le rencontre également en Californie, au Chili, en Afrique du Sud et en Australie méridionale. Pour rendre compte de toute la diversité des paysages méditerranéens en fonction de l'altitude, de l'exposition, de la proximité maritime, l'ouvrage présente les caractéristiques du milieu méditerranéen dans ces cinq régions : composition de la couverture végétale, structure, étagement altitudinal, associations dominantes, relations avec les autres éléments du cadre physique et humain. Alors que la déprise rurale sur la rive nord du bassin méditerranéen vide les campagnes et qu'une intense surexploitation menace la rive sud et le Chili central, à l'heure où se développent au contraire en Californie, en Australie du Sud et dans la région du Cap des aires protégées abritant une exceptionnelle biodiversité, la gestion de ce milieu fragile s'impose désormais comme un enjeu environnemental majeur. Dans une perspective d'amélioration de la gestion de l'espace méditerranéen, cet ouvrage propose ainsi une synthèse biogéographique remarquablement documentée et richement illustrée. Enseignants, étudiants, géographes, naturalistes, chercheurs, décideurs, responsables en charge de la gestion de l'environnement y trouveront à la fois un ouvrage de référence et une invitation à la découverte approfondie du milieu naturel méditerranéen.
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Bien que l’imaginaire saharien n’évoque pas a priori la notion de biodiversité, la flore du Sahara est néanmoins bien plus diversifiée qu’il n’y paraît. Tantôt barrière ou relais pour la dispersion des espèces, le Grand Désert est en effet riche d’une histoire biogéographique très originale, dont cet ouvrage donne une première synthèse. Depuis les premières explorations botaniques sahariennes de la fin du xixe siècle, aux travaux pionniers du milieu du xxe siècle, jusqu’aux acquis biogéographiques les plus récents, l’ouvrage met en perspective l’organisation et l’évolution de la flore saharienne au sein d’un environnement changeant, tour à tour savane arborée puis terre d’une extrême aridité. Quelles sont la diversité et l’histoire de ce peuplement végétal peu connu ? Comment les flores méditerranéennes ou tropicales ont-elles pu migrer puis se maintenir dans les massifs sahariens ou sur les façades maritimes ? Quelles sont les conséquences des changements environnementaux passés et actuels ? Face aux enjeux de préservation de ce patrimoine naturel unique, l’ouvrage met l’accent sur la nécessité d’une véritable politique de conservation à l’échelle de cet immense désert. Région naturelle trop négligée par la recherche, le Sahara mérite d’être réinvesti par les sciences du vivant, et ce d’autant qu’il forme un laboratoire exceptionnel pour étudier l’impact des changements globaux en situation environnementale extrême. L’ouvrage, très documenté et abondamment illustré, fournira aux gestionnaires des milieux arides, aux écologues et biogéographes, aux enseignants et étudiants en biologie et en écologie, mais aussi aux naturalistes et simples voyageurs, un éclairage inédit sur la flore saharienne et son histoire.
Geography --- flore --- biodiversité --- végétal --- patrimoine --- conservation --- environnement --- espèces --- botanique --- biogéographie --- écologie --- histoire --- désert --- aridité --- Sahara --- Afrique
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The equilibrium of inland hydrosystems is presently a cause for concern, with species extinction rates there estimated to be 5 times higher than for terrestrial fauna in the 21st century. Urgent measures must be taken to conserve these ecosystems particularly with regard to fishes, which represent an especially rich and diverse evolutionary heritage. Fishes were long unaffected by human activity on the African continent, but anthropogenic pressure has increased in recent decades. Good management of African continental waters is thus of paramount importance in terms of heritage and economics, as fishes are a vital natural resource for the people in sub-Saharan Africa. In view of biodiversity conservation, African fishes are investigated here as a biological model owing to their enormous ecological and genetic diversity. It is essential to know the ecology and structure of various communities, and to understand the impact of human activity. This book discusses the diversity of environments, the origin and evolution of species, survival and adaptive strategies, the structure of fish communities, and the impact of human activity. It also devotes a section to fisheries and fish culture. This ambitious project summarizes the current state of knowledge on African fishes and their populations, highlighting the mechanisms regulating their equilibrium and the causes contributing to their erosion. It is a reference not just for readers involved in African aquatic environments, but for anyone interested in biodiversity conservation in general.
Environmental Studies --- écologie --- biodiversité --- exploitation des ressources naturelles --- écosystème --- facteur anthropique --- évolution --- pisciculture --- eau continentale --- aquaculture --- faune ichtyologique --- hydrobiologie --- milieu lacustre --- biogéographie --- biodiversity --- biogeography --- water --- ecology --- ecosystem --- evolution --- ressources exploitation --- anthropogenic factor --- hydrobiology
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Despite its supreme importance and the threat of its global crash, biodiversity remains poorly understood both empirically and theoretically. This ambitious book presents a new, general neutral theory to explain the origin, maintenance, and loss of biodiversity in a biogeographic context. Until now biogeography (the study of the geographic distribution of species) and biodiversity (the study of species richness and relative species abundance) have had largely disjunct intellectual histories. In this book, Stephen Hubbell develops a formal mathematical theory that unifies these two fields. When a speciation process is incorporated into Robert H. MacArthur and Edward O. Wilson's now classical theory of island biogeography, the generalized theory predicts the existence of a universal, dimensionless biodiversity number. In the theory, this fundamental biodiversity number, together with the migration or dispersal rate, completely determines the steady-state distribution of species richness and relative species abundance on local to large geographic spatial scales and short-term to evolutionary time scales. Although neutral, Hubbell's theory is nevertheless able to generate many nonobvious, testable, and remarkably accurate quantitative predictions about biodiversity and biogeography. In many ways Hubbell's theory is the ecological analog to the neutral theory of genetic drift in genetics. The unified neutral theory of biogeography and biodiversity should stimulate research in new theoretical and empirical directions by ecologists, evolutionary biologists, and biogeographers.
Biomathematics. Biometry. Biostatistics --- Biogeography --- General ecology and biosociology --- Biodiversity --- Biodiversité --- Biogéographie --- 574.9 --- 574.472 --- Biological diversity --- Areography (Biology) --- Geographical distribution of animals and plants --- Species --- Species distribution --- Biology --- Geography --- Biological diversification --- Biotic diversity --- Diversification, Biological --- Diversity, Biological --- Biocomplexity --- Ecological heterogeneity --- Numbers of species --- Biogeography in general. Geographical distribution of organisms --- Geographical distribution --- Biodiversity. --- Biogeography. --- 574.472 Biodiversity --- 574.9 Biogeography in general. Geographical distribution of organisms --- Biodiversité --- Biogéographie --- Environmental Sciences and Forestry. Nature Management -- Biodiversity. --- Basic Sciences. Biology -- Biogeography.
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Though biogeography may be simply defined--the study of the geographic distributions of organisms--the subject itself is extraordinarily complex, involving a range of scientific disciplines and a bewildering diversity of approaches. For convenience, biogeographers have recognized two research traditions: ecological biogeography and historical biogeography. This book makes sense of the profound revolution that historical biogeography has undergone in the last two decades, and of the resulting confusion over its foundations, basic concepts, methods, and relationships to other disciplines of comparative biology. Using case studies, the authors explain and illustrate the fundamentals and the most frequently used methods of this discipline. They show the reader how to tell when a historical biogeographic approach is called for, how to decide what kind of data to collect, how to choose the best method for the problem at hand, how to perform the necessary calculations, how to choose and apply a computer program, and how to interpret results.
Biogeography --- History. --- Ressource animale --- Animal resources --- Ressource végétale --- Plant resources --- Biodiversité --- Biodiversity --- Biogéographie --- Phytoécologie --- plant ecology --- History --- world --- 574.9 --- 575.8 --- #WPLT:syst --- Biogeography in general. Geographical distribution of organisms --- Evolution. Origin of species. Phylogeny --- GEO Biogeography --- biogeography --- paleogeography --- 575.8 Evolution. Origin of species. Phylogeny --- 574.9 Biogeography in general. Geographical distribution of organisms --- Areography (Biology) --- Geographical distribution of animals and plants --- Species --- Species distribution --- Biology --- Geography --- Geographical distribution
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Phytochemistry. Phytobiochemistry --- Plant physiology. Plant biophysics --- Plant embryology and development --- Seeds --- Germination --- Dormancy --- Graine --- Dormance --- Plante ligneuse --- woody plants --- Plante annuelle --- Annuals --- Arbre forestier --- forest trees --- Zone tropicale --- Tropical zones --- Zone subtropicale --- Subtropical zones --- Zone tempérée --- Temperate zones --- Zone froide --- Cold zones --- Écologie --- ecology --- Biogéographie --- Biogeography --- 581.143.28 --- 581.142 --- 581.522 --- -Crops --- Plants --- Crops --- Ovules --- Plant embryology --- Pods (Botany) --- Sowing --- Plant physiology --- Rate of growth. Growth periodicity. Rest periods. Hibernation. Dormancy --- Individual ecology. Autecology --- Viability --- Germination. --- Dormancy. --- REP Reproductive Biology --- biogeography --- dormancy --- reproductive biology --- seed germination --- seeds --- -Rate of growth. Growth periodicity. Rest periods. Hibernation. Dormancy --- 581.522 Individual ecology. Autecology --- 581.142 Germination --- 581.143.28 Rate of growth. Growth periodicity. Rest periods. Hibernation. Dormancy --- -Seeds --- Seed dormancy --- Dormancy in plants --- Seeds - Dormancy
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Recent studies have greatly contributed to a better understanding of the earth's ecosystem. This abundantly illustrated book provides a fundamental introduction to the ecological zones of the geosphere. Nine terrestrial ecozones have been distinguished and described in individual chapters with respect to: distribution, climate, relief/hydrology, soil vegetation/animal lifeand land use. The first chapter provides the reader with a general introduction to each subject area. The second edition is a competely revised and updated version. A large number of new Anglo-American ecological studies are included. The book also includes more than 70 new figures and tables and detailed maps on global agricultural regions and soil classification. Another new feature is the discussion of the correlation between northern ecosystems and the carbon dioxide balance in the global atmosphere.
Ecological zones. --- Life zones. --- Zones écologiques --- Biomes --- Flore --- Flora --- Faune --- Fauna --- Zone climatique --- climatic zones --- Biogéographie --- Biogeography --- Écologie --- ecology --- Ecological zones --- Life zones --- Geography-General --- Ecology --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Geography --- Geografie --- Fysische geografie --- Algemeen. --- Zones écologiques --- EPUB-LIV-FT LIVGEOGR SPRINGER-B --- Biogeographic zones --- Zones, Life --- Belts, Landscape --- Ecozones --- Geographic zones --- Geozonal ecosystems --- Geozones --- Landscape belts --- Zones, Geographic --- Geography. --- Geobiology. --- Agriculture. --- Ecology. --- Geoecology. --- Environmental geology. --- Nature conservation. --- Geography, general. --- Biogeosciences. --- Geoecology/Natural Processes. --- Nature Conservation. --- Biotic communities --- Conservation of nature --- Nature --- Nature protection --- Protection of nature --- Conservation of natural resources --- Applied ecology --- Conservation biology --- Endangered ecosystems --- Natural areas --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Food supply --- Land use, Rural --- Cosmography --- Earth sciences --- World history --- Conservation --- Ecology . --- Geoecology --- Environmental protection --- Physical geology --- Biosphere
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