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Im Spätmittelalter erreichte die Ausbreitung der gefürchteten Lepra ihren Höhepunkt. Die von der damals unheilbaren Krankheit befallenen Personen wurden von der gesunden Gesellschaft ausgeschlossen («aussätzig») und in den ausserhalb der Siedlungen gelegenen Siechenhäusern untergebracht. Bei Ausgrabungen auf den ehemaligen Kraftwerkwiesen in Laufenburg kam im Frühling 2014 der Keller eines solchen Siechenhauses zum Vorschein. Die über 4 300 aus dem Keller geborgenen Funde geben ein breites und gut erhaltenes spätmittelalterliches Materialspektrum wieder und bieten einen einzigartigen Einblick in das Inventar eines Siechenhauses, einer typisch städtischen Institution, die aus archäologischer Sicht noch wenig erforscht ist.

Pest --- Lepra --- Archäologie --- Siechenhaus

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Pests --- Pest Control, Biological --- Animaux et plantes nuisibles, Lutte biologique contre les --- Biological control --- Biologic Pest Control --- Pest Control, Biologic --- Biological Pest Control --- Biologic Pest Controls --- Biological Pest Controls --- Pest Controls, Biologic --- Pest Controls, Biological --- Animal pests --- Pest animals --- Vermin --- Insect Control --- Mosquito Control --- Sterilization, Reproductive --- Organisms --- Biology, Economic --- Zoology, Economic --- Pest Control, Biological.

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Legumes are important for the diet of a significant part of the world's population; they are a good source of protein, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins. The'importance of soybean'lies in the overall agriculture and trade and in its contribution to food supply. Soybean contains the highest protein content and has no cholesterol in comparison with conventional legume and animal food sources. Furthermore, soybean is a cheap source of food, and at the same time medicinal due to its genistein, photochemical, isoflavones content. Soybean has been found to be extremely helpful in the fight against heart disease, cancer and diabetes, among others. Soybean protein and calories are presently being used to prevent body wasting often associated with HIV. The importance of soybean nutrition intervention is amplified where medications are unavailable. Its economic potential inherent in a wide range of industrial uses can be harnessed to the benefit of smallholder soybean producers.

Pests --- Control. --- Chemical control of pests --- Control of pests --- Eradication of pests --- Extermination of pests --- Pest control --- Pest eradication --- Pest extermination --- Pest management --- Chemical control --- Eradication --- Extermination --- Management

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Integrated Pest Management: Current Concepts and Ecological Perspective presents an overview of alternative measures to traditional pest management practices using biological control and biotechnology. The removal of some highly effective broad-spectrum chemicals, caused by concerns over environmental health and public safety, has resulted in the development of alternative, reduced risk crop protection products. These products, less toxic to the environment and easily integrated into biological control systems, target specific life stages or pest species. Predation - recognized as

Pests --- Integrated control. --- Ecology. --- Ecology --- Integrated control of pests --- Integrated pest control --- Integrated pest management --- IPM (Integrated pest management) --- Pest control, Integrated --- Control --- Control.

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Natural and anthropogenic grasslands such as prairies, meadows, rangelands, and pastures cover more than 40% of the planet’s surface and provide a wealth of ecological services. Grasslands alone store one third of the global carbon stocks and grass roots, through their specific architectures, ensure water cycling and prevent the erosion of fertile topsoil. In addition, grasslands are of vital importance for human food production as vast areas of rangelands and pastures provide feed for livestock. Pastoral legumes mobilize atmospheric nitrogen and improve fertility of arable soils. Not least, grasslands are an essential genetic resource. The three major crop species that feed half of the global population have been bred from wild grasses. Ancestors of our contemporary turf cultivars, common components of urban landscapes and recreation spaces, originated from wild grasslands. Although natural and managed grasslands represent pivotal ecosystems, many aspects of how they function are poorly understood. To date, most attention has focused on grassland primary producers (i.e. forage plants) and mammalian grazers but invertebrates are likely to play an equally, if not more important role in grassland ecosystem functioning. In Australian pastures, for example, the biomass of root-feeding scarab beetles can often exceed that of sheep and plant damage caused by invertebrates is sometimes equivalent to an average dairy cow’s grass consumption. Indeed, grasslands are one of the most densely populated ecosystems with invertebrates being probably the most important engineers that shape both plant communities and the grassland as a whole. In a rapidly changing world with increasing anthropogenic pressure on grasslands, this Research Topic focuses on: 1. How grassland habitats shape invertebrate biodiversity 2. Impacts of climate change on grassland-invertebrate interactions 3. Plant and invertebrate pest monitoring and management 4. Plant-mediated multitrophic interactions and biological control in grasslands 5. Land use and grassland invertebrates 6. Plant resistance to invertebrate pests Given the increasing demand for food and land for human habitation, unprecedented threats to grasslands are anticipated. Resilient to some extent, these key ecosystems need to be better comprehended to guarantee their sustainable management and ecosystem services.

plant defense --- grassland management --- root --- plant-insect interaction --- pest management --- grassland ecology --- insect pest --- climate change