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Long-Term Performance and Durability of Masonry Structures: Degradation Mechanisms, Health Monitoring and Service Life Design focuses on the long-term performance of masonry and historical structures. The book covers a wide range of related topics, including degradation mechanisms in different masonry types, structural health monitoring techniques, and long-term performance and service life design approaches. Each chapter reflects recent findings and the state-of-the-art, providing practical guidelines. Key topics covered include the theoretical background, transport properties, testing and modeling, protective measures and standards and codes. The book's focus is on individual construction materials, the composite system and structural performance.-Back cover.

Masonry. --- Building --- Foundations --- Walls

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Masonry. --- Building --- Foundations --- Walls

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Adaptation to external changes is necessary for all cells to survive and thrive in diverse environments. Key to these responses are the MAPK-mediated signaling pathways, intracellular communication routes that sense stimuli at the cell surface, and are ubiquitous in all eukaryotic organisms. In the case of fungi, MAPKs mediate essential processes, such as adaptation to environmental stresses, morphology regulation, or developmental processes. First studied in the early nineties in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the fungal cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway has proven to be a central MAPK-mediated signaling cascade conserved in the fungal kingdom. Cells need to sense cell wall-perturbing conditions and mount the appropriate salvage response. Understanding this CWI pathway-mediated compensatory mechanism is key for the development of cell wall-targeted antifungal therapies. Moreover, its functional roles go beyond the maintenance of this essential structure, reaching many other physiological aspects that have major implications in development or virulence. In this Special Issue, expert researchers in this relevant subject have contributed with seven reviews and eleven original articles to advance our understanding of the CWI pathway by covering different structural, regulatory, and functional aspects in distinct yeasts and filamentous fungi.

Fungal cell walls. --- Cell walls, Fungal --- Fungi --- Cytology

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In the context of tight budgets, complex geometries, high energy efficiency, and flexible user functions mean that the requirements for technical details, and their execution in modern buildings, are very exacting. Modern Construction Case Studies presents planned, under construction and completed, innovative avant-garde projects – all designed by internationally recognized architectural practices such as Zaha Hadid, BIG, Jean Nouvel, Gensler, Lab Architecture Studio, RMJM Architecture, Nordic Office of Architecture, and others. The case studies are analyzed in a structured way under technical criteria, using text, photographs, 3D illustrations, and diagrams. They provide inspiration for new approaches that also work for smaller-scale projects. Komplexe Geometrien, energetische Hochleistung und zukunftsoffene Nutzoptionen stellen bei knappen Budgets immer höhere technische Ansprüche an Detail und Ausführung moderner Bauten. Modern Construction Case Studies präsentiert erfolgreich umgesetzte oder noch in Planung und Bau befindliche, innovative Avant-Garde Projekte der Gegenwart – alle von international anerkannten Architekturbüros entworfen. Die Fallbeispiele werden in systematischer Form, geordnet nach technischen Gesichtspunkten, in Text, Fotos, 3D-Darstellungen und Diagrammen analysiert. Sie stammen von Zaha Hadid, BIG, Jean Nouvel, Gensler, Lab Architecture Studio, RMJM Architecture, Nordic Office of Architecture u.a.Das Buch eröffnet neue Wege, die auch zur Anwendung für Projekte mit kleinerem Maßstab dienen können.

Facades --- Exterior walls --- Buildings --- External walls --- Walls --- Architectural fronts --- Fronts (Architecture) --- Architecture --- Design and construction. --- Details

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In the early modern period, all German cities were fortified places. Because contemporary jurists have defined 'city' as a coherent social body in a protected place, the urban environment had to be physically separate from the surrounding countryside. This separation was crucial to guaranteeing the city's commercial, political and legal privileges. Fortifications were therefore essential for any settlement to be termed a city. This book tells the story of German cities' metamorphoses from walled to de-fortified places between 1689 and 1866. Using a wealth of original sources, The Defortification of the German City, 1689-1866 discusses one of the most significant moments in the emergence of the modern city: the dramatic and often traumatic demolition of the city's centuries-old fortifications and the creation of the open city.

City walls --- Fortification --- Fortification, Primitive --- Forts --- Military engineering --- Siege warfare --- Village walls --- Walls --- History --- Arts and Humanities