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This Special Issue of Cancers focuses on new advances in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma, both surgical and pharmacological (and combinations of these), and novel approaches to tackle treatment resistance and improve our understanding of this phenomenon.

renal cell carcinoma --- autophagy --- hydroxychloroquine --- chloroquine --- ROC-325 --- cysteine cathepsins --- cysteine cathepsin inhibitors --- lysosome --- renal cancer --- metastatic renal cell carcinoma --- immune-based combination therapies --- network meta-analysis --- PD-L1 --- predictive --- biomarker --- treatment --- TKIs --- mRCC --- biomarkers --- soluble factors --- immunotherapy --- renal cell carcinoma (RCC) --- sunitib resistance --- artesunate (ART) --- Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) --- growth inhibition --- ferroptosis --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- clear cell renal cell carcinoma --- ccRCC --- RCC --- kidney cancer --- evolution --- evolutionary trajectory --- metastatic --- second line therapy --- renal cell cancer --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- tyrosine kinase inhibitors --- individualization --- genomic signature --- transcriptomic analysis

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The importance of natural products, and especially plant secondary metabolites, for the treatment of diseases and drug development has already been obvious in medicine for several thousand years. Thus, this Special Issue of MDPI Biomedicines collects eight top articles from the field as regular full papers in addition to five reviews. All of the published papers are a vibrant source of information on the therapeutic potential of plant secondary metabolites in the treatment of diseases and drug development.

Cannabis sativa (Cannabis) --- cannabinoids --- tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) --- cannabidiol (CBD) --- cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) --- Papaver somniferum (opium poppy) --- secondary metabolites --- ursolic acid --- NSCLC --- tumorsphere --- EGFR --- STAT3 --- MMP2 --- PD-L1 --- MAFLD --- tanshinone IIA --- phytochemical --- lipogenesis --- lipid accumulation --- LXRα --- malaria --- quinine --- chloroquine --- artemisinin --- onchocerciasis --- ivermectin --- moxidectin --- cancer --- vincristine --- vinblastine --- anabolic --- diabetes --- Duchenne muscular dystrophy --- β-ecdysone --- ecdysteroid --- ecdysterone --- Mas1 --- osteoporosis --- sarcopenia --- COVID-19 --- cardiometabolic diseases --- respiratory diseases --- natural product --- SARS-CoV-2 --- lung cancer --- United States Food and Drug Administration-approved drug --- natural remedy --- triterpenoid --- molecular ribbon --- Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition --- amide bond --- multifunctional PEG3 derivative --- antimicrobial activity --- anti-HIV activity --- cytotoxicity --- supramolecular self-assembly --- phytocannabinoids --- cannabichromene --- thermos-TRPs --- TRPA1 --- α,α-dimethylheptyl effect --- betulinic acid --- BODIPY --- bevirimat --- cell-cycle --- fluorescent microscopy --- maturation inhibitor --- capsaicinoids --- endocannabinoidome --- microbiota --- overweight --- obesity --- food intake --- lipidomics --- metabolism --- alkaloids --- membrane fusion --- viral fusion inhibitor --- antiviral therapy --- curcumin --- cancer cells --- bioavailability --- curcumin derivatives --- curcumin analogues --- curcumin delivery systems --- natural product synthesis --- lignans --- inflammation --- NF-κB inhibition --- n/a

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Lysosomal storage disorders are a heterogenoeus group of rare genetic conditions affecting worldwide population and often exhibiting severe clinical manifestations. During the last two decades, the joined collaboration between scientists and clinicians has allowed to offer valuable therapeutic options to affected patients. Therefore, the tight connection between basic science and clinical medicine represents the gold standard approach to these disorders. In this context, the present book collects a piece of current scientific advances in the knowledge of disease pathogenesis and in the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for some of these diseases. Altogether, these articles define and recapitulate which essential steps are required during the clinical management of a rare inherited disorder and describe forthcoming advances and a breakthrough in the field of lysosomal diseases.

mucopolysaccharidosis IIIB --- quantitative proteomics --- NAGLU --- lysosomes --- Gaucher disease --- bone involvement --- enzyme replacement therapy --- substrate reduction therapy --- Osteoimmunology --- RANK/RANKL --- Osteopontin --- MIP-1β --- mucolipidosis II --- sortilin --- TGF-beta --- cathepsin D --- Fabry disease --- alpha-galactosidase A --- endocytosis --- lysosome --- IGF2R/M6P --- clathrin --- chloroquine --- lysosomal diseases --- precision medicine --- pharmacological chaperones --- gene therapy. --- Pompe disease --- lysosomal targeting --- autophagy --- gene therapy --- muscle --- satellite cells --- rhGAA --- glycogen --- lysosomal α-glucosidase --- GAA biomarker --- Gaucher Disease --- Wnt/β-catenin --- Dkk1 --- Wnt3a --- iPSC --- neuronopathy --- Krabbe disease --- Twitcher mouse --- psychosine --- visual system --- visual cortex --- astrogliosis --- mucopolysaccharidosis type I --- Hurler syndrome --- hematopoietic stem cell transplantations --- animal models --- experimental therapies --- axon guidance --- lysosomal storage disorders --- neuronal circuit --- α-galactosidase A --- A4GALT --- globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) --- globotriaosyl-sphingosine (lysoGb3) --- pharmacological chaperone therapy --- exosomes --- endocytic pathways --- neurodegenerative disease --- Parkinson disease --- lysosomal storage disorder --- viral vectors --- newborn screening --- variant interpretation --- second tier test --- tandem mass spectrometry --- lyso-Gb3 --- dried blood spot --- GLA gene --- globotriaosylsphingosine --- biomarkers

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This book collects 25 scientific articles from laboratories around the world, all of which use botulinum neurotoxins as the main protagonists of their studies. The use of botulinum neurotoxin in medicine, following its ability to inhibit the effects of various disorders of different etiology on the human organism, constitutes the main topic of each article presented here. This book, which is aimed at both students and medical professionals, attempts to summarize current knowledge about the use of botulinum toxin as a therapeutic agent in many diseases, ranging from spasticity to tremor, form motor dysfunction after stroke to neuropathic pain, from hyperactive muscle to migraine, and so on. Thanks to its simplified writing, accessible to an audience who may not be familiar with the mysteries of science, readers will get new insights into this biological toxin and its multiple applications, not simply relegated to its historical use to correct of face wrinkles. Both review and research articles are presented, not only concerning animal studies, but also clinical reports. This book will provide an up-to-date picture of the state-of-the-art of the possible development of novel applications of botulinum neurotoxins for future therapeutic purposes.

botulinum toxin --- limb tremors --- muscle selection --- biological effect --- various cell types --- neurotransmitter --- dermatology --- novel indication --- botulinum neurotoxin --- masticatory system --- maxillofacial bone --- dental occlusion --- orthognathic surgery --- sialorrhoea --- drooling --- salivary glands --- swallowing --- eccrine glands --- onabotulinumtoxin A --- incobotulinumtoxin A --- botulinum neurotoxins --- botulinum neurotoxin serotype A --- heavy chain --- botulinum neurotoxin serotype a heavy chain (BoNT/A HC) --- spinal cord injury (SCI) --- nerve regeneration --- growth associated protein 43 (GAP-43) --- superior cervical ganglion 10 (SCG10) --- neuronal processes --- neural regeneration --- Schwann cells --- glia --- spinal cord --- immunohistochemistry --- allodynia --- weight bearing --- sciatic static index --- walking track analysis --- itch --- SNARE --- VAMP --- mast cells --- compound 48/80 --- chloroquine --- spasticity --- botulinum toxin type A --- appropriate treatment --- Therapeutic Index --- pruritus --- antipruritic --- clinical --- experimental --- BoNT/A --- astroglia --- interleukins --- microglia --- TLR2 --- TLR4 --- Snap-23 --- pain --- cerebral palsy --- botulinum toxin A --- complex regional pain syndrome --- lumbar sympathetic ganglion block --- chronic pelvic pain --- overactive detrusor --- vaginism --- temporomandibular joint dislocation --- lateral pterygoid muscle --- botulinum toxin therapy --- synaptic transmission --- SNAP-25 --- epilepsy --- Parkinson’s disease --- neurotransmission blockade --- electrical activity --- prion disease --- new indications --- formulation --- delivery --- refractory chronic migraine --- tension headache --- medication overuse headache --- prophylactic treatment --- XEOMIN® --- BTX --- central neuropathic pain --- spinal cord injury --- post-stroke shoulder pain --- mouse test --- Clostridium tetani --- botulinum antitoxin --- food safety --- abobotulinumtoxinA --- upper limb spasticity --- post-stroke --- early use --- ONTIME --- clinical trial --- human --- urodynamics --- botulinum neurotoxin-A --- basal ganglia --- interspecies differences in motor behavior --- mouse --- rat --- interneurons --- hand tremor --- treatment --- electromyography --- kinematics --- essential tremor --- dystonic tremor --- tremor --- movement disorders --- Botulinum toxin --- upper limb biomechanics --- joint biomechanics --- diagnostic guidance --- clinical decision support --- spastic paresis --- electrical stimulation --- stroke management --- rehabilitation --- hand --- n/a --- Parkinson's disease