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This book provides a first synthetic view of an emerging area of ecology and biogeography, linking individual- and population-level processes to geographic distributions and biodiversity patterns. Problems in evolutionary ecology, macroecology, and biogeography are illuminated by this integrative view. The book focuses on correlative approaches known as ecological niche modeling, species distribution modeling, or habitat suitability modeling, which use associations between known occurrences of species and environmental variables to identify environmental conditions under which populations can be maintained. The spatial distribution of environments suitable for the species can then be estimated: a potential distribution for the species. This approach has broad applicability to ecology, evolution, biogeography, and conservation biology, as well as to understanding the geographic potential of invasive species and infectious diseases, and the biological implications of climate change. The authors lay out conceptual foundations and general principles for understanding and interpreting species distributions with respect to geography and environment. Focus is on development of niche models. While serving as a guide for students and researchers, the book also provides a theoretical framework to support future progress in the field.

Niche (Ecology). --- Niche (Ecology) --- Biogeography. --- Biogeography --- Mathematical models. --- Niche écologique --- Biogéographie --- Modèles mathématiques --- Microhabitat --- Biotic communities --- Competition (Biology) --- Ecology --- Habitat (Ecology) --- Areography (Biology) --- Geographical distribution of animals and plants --- Species --- Species distribution --- Biology --- Geography --- Geographical distribution --- Mathematical models --- BAM diagram. --- Eltonian Noise Hypothesis. --- Eltonian niche. --- Grinnellian niche. --- absence data. --- algorithm. --- ancillary data. --- biodiversity. --- biogeography. --- biotic interactions. --- biotically reduced niche. --- climate change. --- commission error. --- conservation biology. --- conservation planning. --- conservation reserve network planning. --- data preparation. --- data quality. --- disease distribution. --- disease ecology. --- disease transmission risk. --- disease transmission. --- distributional area. --- distributional ecology. --- diversification. --- ecological niche evolution. --- ecological niche modeling. --- ecological niche. --- ecology. --- environmental data. --- environmental space. --- epidemiology. --- evolutionary ecology. --- extinction risk. --- extrapolation. --- feedback loop. --- geographic distribution. --- geographic space. --- geography. --- habitat suitability modeling. --- hypervolume. --- infection. --- invasive species. --- macroecology. --- model calibration. --- model evaluation. --- model performance. --- model prediction. --- model projection. --- model significance. --- model. --- niche concept. --- niche conservatism. --- niche evolution. --- niche models. --- niche. --- nonequilibrium distribution. --- nonnative species. --- occupied distributional area. --- overfitting. --- pathogens. --- population biology. --- populations. --- potential distributional area. --- predictability. --- primary occurrence data. --- resolution. --- risk mapping. --- sampling bias. --- scenopoetic variables. --- sensitivity. --- sisterгpecies pairs. --- spatial extent. --- species distribution modeling. --- species distribution. --- species invasions. --- species limit. --- species occurrence. --- species reintroduction. --- statistical theory. --- transferability. --- unknown species.

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Islands have captured the imagination of scientists and the public for centuries-unique and rare environments, their isolation makes them natural laboratories for ecology and evolution. This authoritative, alphabetically arranged reference, featuring more than 200 succinct articles by leading scientists from around the world, provides broad coverage of all the island sciences. But what exactly is an island? The volume editors define it here as any discrete habitat isolated from other habitats by inhospitable surroundings. The Encyclopedia of Islands examines many such insular settings-oceanic and continental islands as well as places such as caves, mountaintops, and whale falls at the bottom of the ocean. This essential, one-stop resource, extensively illustrated with color photographs, clear maps, and graphics will introduce island science to a wide audience and spur further research on some of the planet's most fascinating habitats.

Islands --- Isles --- Islets --- Landforms --- Islands. --- Habitat. --- Ecology. --- Bionomics --- Ecologies --- Environmental Psychology --- Conservation of Natural Resources --- Environmental Health --- Ecosystem --- Biome --- Ecologic System --- Ecologic Systems --- Ecological System --- Habitat --- Niche, Ecological --- System, Ecological --- Systems, Ecological --- Biomes --- Ecological Niche --- Ecological Systems --- Ecosystems --- Habitats --- System, Ecologic --- Systems, Ecologic --- Ecology --- Environment --- antarctic islands. --- arctic islands. --- asian islands. --- caribbean islands. --- easter island. --- ecology. --- encyclopedia of the natural world. --- island biology. --- island encyclopedia. --- island fauna. --- island flora. --- island formation. --- island geography. --- island issues. --- island nature. --- island reference guide. --- island science. --- islands. --- marine biology. --- natural science. --- nature. --- pacific islands. --- polynesia. --- study of islands. --- volcanic islands. --- world island.

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Geological Heritage has very diverse elements, both for its intrinsic nature and for its social and scientific significance. These elements have a scientific dimension (stratigraphic, geomorphological, lithological, paleontological, etc.) and a landscape dimension, both with implications for territorial management. In territorial management and planning, it is essential to carry out inventory and cataloging of places of natural and social interest to establish a comprehensive policy. The identification and valuation of the geological and biological heritage, and their interaction in the landscape should favor the conservation and preservation of this natural and historical heritage. Sustainable development implies rational use that prevents the degradation or loss of these unique environments of the natural environment as well as a dissemination and awareness of landscape resources for a better understanding and enjoyment, integrating activities of both environmental education and nature tourism.The diversity of a territory is the result of the complex and continuous interaction of the geological substrate (geotopical) and biological factors that model the existing ecological and evolutionary processes at the level of genes, species, ecosystems, and landscapes and that are expressed in a characteristic representation of organisms adapted to these factors. These vary according to the spatial dimensions and the temporal scales considered, in a wide range, that goes from the geological processes that involve millions of years and vast territories to the casuistic biotic, and anthropic events that can occur in an instant in any territorial sector.

quaternary landscape --- geomorphological analysis --- depositional-erosional terraces --- incision-displacement rates --- Tormes River --- landscape --- landscape quality --- landscape fragility, need of protection --- landscape diagnosis --- GIS --- environmental assessment --- petrified forest --- sustainable development --- geodiversity --- biodiversity --- Puyango --- geopark --- fluvial terraces --- chronology --- Yeltes river --- Duero basin (Spain) --- geomorphological map --- Appalachian landscape --- neotectonic --- drainage network --- superimposition-antecedence --- fungal indicators --- conservation --- dehesas --- MW Spain --- Corridor Designer --- MaxEnt --- species distribution models --- ecological corridors --- armed conflict --- Colombia --- conservation and development --- fertility --- human biodemography --- infant mortality --- local populations --- population structure --- protected areas --- socio-economic effects --- ecological niche dynamics --- reciprocal niche models --- biological invasions --- Batuecan lizard --- connectivity --- endangered species --- graph theory --- Iberolacerta martinezricai --- mountain lizard --- network analysis --- Ramsar Site --- types of wetlands --- priority habitats --- cultural values --- sensitivity --- vulnerability --- threatened species --- hydrophyte plants --- species’ rear edges --- climatic change --- CENFA

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This book includes all 14 articles contributed to the Special Issue "Systematics and Conservation of Neotropical Amphibians and Reptiles” in the journal Diversity, originally published in 2019 and 2020.

UCE --- phylogenetics --- amphibians --- Dendrobatidae --- Aromobatidae --- frogs --- systematics --- amphibian --- chytridiomycosis --- conservation --- disease --- enzootics --- epizootics --- population declines --- Dactyloidae --- ecomorphology --- Iguania --- Isla Cocos --- Isla Gorgona --- Isla Malpelo --- island biogeography --- lizards --- neotropics --- overwater dispersal --- miniaturization --- taxonomy --- geographical range --- habitat breadth --- local abundance --- threatened species --- extinction risk --- Viperidae --- deforestation --- timber harvest --- fire --- invasion of exotic plants --- public policy --- protected areas --- critically endangered --- data deficient --- amphisbaenians --- snakes --- South America --- Andes --- Pacific coast --- Perú --- species description --- threats --- species richness --- diversity gradient --- community structure --- reptiles --- Amazon --- rainforest --- lizard --- snake --- ecological niche modeling --- potential species distribution --- extant species distribution --- conservation areas --- Cusco --- high elevation --- Neotropical --- Qosqophryne --- tropical mountain --- systematic --- anura --- biogeography --- centrolenidae --- Bufonidae --- cryptic species --- forensic taxonomy --- Great American Biotic Interchange --- historical biogeography --- Isthmus of Panama --- Middle America --- molecular phylogenetics --- phylogeography --- Cercosaurinae --- Cercosaura manicata boliviana --- diversity --- Machupicchu --- Oxapampa --- Pholidobolus anomalus --- Peru --- n/a --- Perú

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Conventionally, evolution has always been described in terms of species. The Chemistry of Evolution takes a novel, not to say revolutionary, approach and examines the evolution of chemicals and the use and degradation of energy, coupled to the environment, as the drive behind it. The authors address the major changes of life from bacteria to man in a systematic and unavoidable sequence, reclassifying organisms as chemotypes. Written by the authors of the bestseller The Biological Chemistry of the Elements - The Inorganic Chemistry of Life (Oxford University Press, 1991), the clarity and

Evolution. --- Ecosystem. --- Elements. --- Evolution, Chemical. --- Evolution (Biology) --- Chemistry. --- Evolution (Biologie) --- Chimie --- Chemistry --- Biological Evolution --- Ecosystem --- Elements --- Evolution, Chemical --- Evolution (Biology). --- Genetic Processes --- Environment --- Inorganic Chemicals --- Evolution, Planetary --- Ecological and Environmental Phenomena --- Astronomical Processes --- Genetic Phenomena --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Phenomena and Processes --- Biological Phenomena --- Astronomical Phenomena --- Physical Phenomena --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Evolution --- Environmental Impact --- Environmental Impacts --- Impact, Environmental --- Impacts, Environmental --- Environments --- Environmental Health --- Genetic Concepts --- Genetic Phenomenon --- Genetic Process --- Concept, Genetic --- Concepts, Genetic --- Genetic Concept --- Phenomena, Genetic --- Phenomenon, Genetic --- Process, Genetic --- Processes, Genetic --- Molecular Biology --- Physical sciences --- Animal evolution --- Animals --- Biological evolution --- Darwinism --- Evolutionary biology --- Evolutionary science --- Origin of species --- Biological fitness --- Homoplasy --- Natural selection --- Phylogeny --- Chemical Evolution --- Chemical Evolutions --- Evolutions, Chemical --- Evolution, Biological --- Sociobiology --- Biome --- Ecologic System --- Ecologic Systems --- Ecological System --- Habitat --- Niche, Ecological --- System, Ecological --- Systems, Ecological --- Biomes --- Ecological Niche --- Ecological Systems --- Ecosystems --- Habitats --- System, Ecologic --- Systems, Ecologic --- Ecology --- Physical Phenomenon --- Physical Process --- Physical Concepts --- Physical Processes --- Concept, Physical --- Concepts, Physical --- Phenomena, Physical --- Phenomenon, Physical --- Physical Concept --- Process, Physical --- Processes, Physical --- Astronomic Concepts --- Astronomic Phenomena --- Astronomic Phenomenon --- Astronomic Process --- Astronomic Processes --- Astronomical Concepts --- Astronomical Process --- Astrophysical Concepts --- Astrophysical Phenomena --- Astrophysical Phenomenon --- Astrophysical Processes --- Astronomic Concept --- Astronomical Concept --- Astrophysical Concept --- Concept, Astronomic --- Concept, Astronomical --- Concept, Astrophysical --- Concepts, Astronomic --- Concepts, Astronomical --- Concepts, Astrophysical --- Phenomena, Astronomic --- Phenomena, Astronomical --- Phenomena, Astrophysical --- Phenomenon, Astronomic --- Phenomenon, Astrophysical --- Process, Astronomic --- Process, Astronomical --- Processes, Astronomic --- Processes, Astronomical --- Processes, Astrophysical --- Biologic Phenomena --- Biological Phenomenon --- Biological Process --- Phenomena, Biological --- Biological Processes --- Phenomena, Biologic --- Phenomenon, Biological --- Process, Biological --- Processes, Biological --- Ecological and Environmental Concepts --- Ecological and Environmental Processes --- Planetary Evolution --- Chemicals, Inorganic --- Element --- Biological Evolution.