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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

mast cells --- pain --- itch --- neuroinflammation --- neuro-immune synapse

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Acute and chronic pruritus can represent significant management issues both as a common physiological sensation and as a manifestation of dermatologic and non-dermatologic diseases. All patients suffering from itch know that it is a very awkward sensation. Unfortunately, this often significant symptom is frequently considered less severe in comparison with pain. The consequences are that research on this field has been poorer than research on pain and that pruritus is therefore more difficult to treat. New concepts and discoveries have completely modified our understanding of it and have suggested new therapeutic opportunities. Pruritus is a thorough and comprehensive reference in the management of itch designed to be a convenient resource for all physicians confronted with patients suffering from itch. The Editors have recruited a board of internationally renowned experts to provide an in-depth analysis of the causes and management of pruritus including the current concepts in pathophysiology and novel therapeutics.

Cutaneous manifestations of general disease. --- Itching. --- Skin -- Diseases. --- Itching --- Skin Manifestations --- Skin Diseases --- Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases --- Signs and Symptoms --- Pruritus --- Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms --- Diseases --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Dermatology --- Etiology --- Treatment --- Etiology. --- Treatment. --- Itch --- Itches --- Medicine. --- Dermatology. --- General practice (Medicine). --- Infectious diseases. --- Primary care (Medicine). --- Epidemiology. --- Medicine & Public Health. --- Infectious Diseases. --- Primary Care Medicine. --- General Practice / Family Medicine. --- Cutaneous manifestations of general diseases --- Senses and sensation --- Emerging infectious diseases. --- Emergency medicine. --- Family medicine. --- Public health --- Emerging infections --- New infectious diseases --- Re-emerging infectious diseases --- Reemerging infectious diseases --- Communicable diseases --- Skin --- Family practice (Medicine) --- General practice (Medicine) --- Physicians (General practice) --- Medicine, Emergency --- Critical care medicine --- Disaster medicine --- Medical emergencies --- Primary medical care --- Medical care

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This book collects 25 scientific articles from laboratories around the world, all of which use botulinum neurotoxins as the main protagonists of their studies. The use of botulinum neurotoxin in medicine, following its ability to inhibit the effects of various disorders of different etiology on the human organism, constitutes the main topic of each article presented here. This book, which is aimed at both students and medical professionals, attempts to summarize current knowledge about the use of botulinum toxin as a therapeutic agent in many diseases, ranging from spasticity to tremor, form motor dysfunction after stroke to neuropathic pain, from hyperactive muscle to migraine, and so on. Thanks to its simplified writing, accessible to an audience who may not be familiar with the mysteries of science, readers will get new insights into this biological toxin and its multiple applications, not simply relegated to its historical use to correct of face wrinkles. Both review and research articles are presented, not only concerning animal studies, but also clinical reports. This book will provide an up-to-date picture of the state-of-the-art of the possible development of novel applications of botulinum neurotoxins for future therapeutic purposes.

botulinum toxin --- limb tremors --- muscle selection --- biological effect --- various cell types --- neurotransmitter --- dermatology --- novel indication --- botulinum neurotoxin --- masticatory system --- maxillofacial bone --- dental occlusion --- orthognathic surgery --- sialorrhoea --- drooling --- salivary glands --- swallowing --- eccrine glands --- onabotulinumtoxin A --- incobotulinumtoxin A --- botulinum neurotoxins --- botulinum neurotoxin serotype A --- heavy chain --- botulinum neurotoxin serotype a heavy chain (BoNT/A HC) --- spinal cord injury (SCI) --- nerve regeneration --- growth associated protein 43 (GAP-43) --- superior cervical ganglion 10 (SCG10) --- neuronal processes --- neural regeneration --- Schwann cells --- glia --- spinal cord --- immunohistochemistry --- allodynia --- weight bearing --- sciatic static index --- walking track analysis --- itch --- SNARE --- VAMP --- mast cells --- compound 48/80 --- chloroquine --- spasticity --- botulinum toxin type A --- appropriate treatment --- Therapeutic Index --- pruritus --- antipruritic --- clinical --- experimental --- BoNT/A --- astroglia --- interleukins --- microglia --- TLR2 --- TLR4 --- Snap-23 --- pain --- cerebral palsy --- botulinum toxin A --- complex regional pain syndrome --- lumbar sympathetic ganglion block --- chronic pelvic pain --- overactive detrusor --- vaginism --- temporomandibular joint dislocation --- lateral pterygoid muscle --- botulinum toxin therapy --- synaptic transmission --- SNAP-25 --- epilepsy --- Parkinson’s disease --- neurotransmission blockade --- electrical activity --- prion disease --- new indications --- formulation --- delivery --- refractory chronic migraine --- tension headache --- medication overuse headache --- prophylactic treatment --- XEOMIN® --- BTX --- central neuropathic pain --- spinal cord injury --- post-stroke shoulder pain --- mouse test --- Clostridium tetani --- botulinum antitoxin --- food safety --- abobotulinumtoxinA --- upper limb spasticity --- post-stroke --- early use --- ONTIME --- clinical trial --- human --- urodynamics --- botulinum neurotoxin-A --- basal ganglia --- interspecies differences in motor behavior --- mouse --- rat --- interneurons --- hand tremor --- treatment --- electromyography --- kinematics --- essential tremor --- dystonic tremor --- tremor --- movement disorders --- Botulinum toxin --- upper limb biomechanics --- joint biomechanics --- diagnostic guidance --- clinical decision support --- spastic paresis --- electrical stimulation --- stroke management --- rehabilitation --- hand --- n/a --- Parkinson's disease