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Conspiracy theories seem to be proliferating today. Long relegated to a niche existence, conspiracy theories are now pervasive, and older conspiracy theories have been joined by a constant stream of new ones – that the USA carried out the 9/11 attacks itself, that the Ukrainian crisis was orchestrated by NATO, that we are being secretly controlled by a New World Order that keep us docile via chemtrails and vaccinations. Not to mention the moon landing that never happened. But what are conspiracy theories and why do people believe them? Have they always existed or are they something new, a feature of our modern world? In this book Michael Butter provides a clear and comprehensive introduction to the nature and development of conspiracy theories. Contrary to popular belief, he shows that conspiracy theories are less popular and influential today than they were in the past. Up to the 1950s, the Western world regarded conspiracy theories as a legitimate form of knowledge and it was therefore normal to believe in them. It was only after the Second World War that this knowledge was delegitimized, causing conspiracy theories to be banished from public discourse and relegated to subcultures. The recent renaissance of conspiracy theories is linked to internet which gives them wider exposure and contributes to the fragmentation of the public sphere. Conspiracy theories are still stigmatized today in many sections of mainstream culture but are being accepted once again as legitimate knowledge in others. It is the clash between these domains and their different conceptions of truth that is fuelling the current debate over conspiracy theories
Conspiracy theories. --- History --- Errors, inventions, etc. --- Conspiracy theories --- CONSPIRACY THEORIES --- logic, narratology, history, cultural specificity and psychological appeal of conspiracy theory --- Julius Caesar --- Donald Trump --- the scholarly delegitimation of conspiracy theory --- the 9 --- 11 attacks --- the Ukrainian crisis --- NATO --- New World Order --- chemtrails --- the coronavirus --- the moon landing --- the nature and development of conspiracy theories --- the Western world --- public discourse --- subcultures --- the internet --- mainstream culture --- conspiracy theory --- conspiracy theories --- conspiracies --- conspiracism --- conspiracy belief --- conspiracy thinking --- anti-semitism --- antisemitism --- vaccinations --- Alex Jones --- conspiracy theories and populism --- facebook --- social media --- 11 September 2001 --- World Trade Center (WTC) --- 9-11 --- history
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Spying has never been more ubiquitous--or less understood. The world is drowning in spy movies, TV shows, and novels, but universities offer more courses on rock and roll than on the CIA and there are more congressional experts on powdered milk than espionage. This crisis in intelligence education is distorting public opinion, fueling conspiracy theories, and hurting intelligence policy. Amy Zegart separates fact from fiction as she offers an engaging and enlightening account of the past, present, and future of American espionage as it faces a revolution driven by digital technology. Drawing on decades of research and hundreds of interviews with intelligence officials, Zegart provides a history of U.S. espionage, from George Washington's Revolutionary War spies to today's spy satellites; examines how fictional spies are influencing real officials; gives an overview of intelligence basics and life inside America's intelligence agencies; explains the deadly cognitive biases that can mislead analysts; and explores the vexed issues of traitors, covert action, and congressional oversight. Most of all, Zegart describes how technology is empowering new enemies and opportunities, and creating powerful new players, such as private citizens who are successfully tracking nuclear threats using little more than Google Earth. And she shows why cyberspace is, in many ways, the ultimate cloak-and-dagger battleground, where nefarious actors employ deception, subterfuge, and advanced technology for theft, espionage, and information warfare. A fascinating and revealing account of espionage for the digital age, Spies, Lies, and Algorithms is essential reading for anyone who wants to understand the reality of spying today. [Provided by publisher]
INTELLIGENCE SERVICE--USA --- CYBER INTELLIGENCE (COMPUTER SECURITY)--USA --- Polemology --- United States --- Intelligence service --- Cyber intelligence (Computer security) --- Terrorism --- Public-private sector cooperation --- Cyber spying --- Cyberintelligence (Computer security) --- Cyberspying --- Intelligence, Cyber (Computer security) --- Computer security --- Government policy --- Abuse of authority. --- Al-Qaeda. --- Assassination. --- Atomic spies. --- Bribery. --- Bureau of Intelligence and Research. --- CIA Counterintelligence. --- Central Intelligence Agency. --- Circumstantial evidence. --- Clandestine HUMINT. --- Clandestine cell system. --- Classified information. --- Computer worm. --- Confirmation bias. --- Conspiracy theory. --- Counter-insurgency. --- Counter-terrorism. --- Counterintelligence. --- Counterterrorism Center. --- Covert operation. --- Cryptanalysis. --- Cryptography. --- Cyber threat intelligence. --- Cyber-attack. --- Demagogue. --- Denial and deception. --- Denial-of-service attack. --- Deterrence theory. --- Director of Central Intelligence. --- Director of National Intelligence. --- Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. --- Disinformation. --- Double agent. --- Drug lord. --- Electoral fraud. --- Encryption. --- Espionage. --- Fabricator (intelligence). --- Fake Claims. --- Generative Adversarial Networks. --- Hacking tool. --- Identity theft. --- Imminent Threat. --- Information asymmetry. --- Information overload. --- Information warfare. --- Insider threat. --- Insurgency. --- Intelligence Authorization Act. --- Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act. --- Intelligence agency. --- Intelligence analysis. --- Intelligence officer. --- Iran–Contra affair. --- Jihadism. --- KGB. --- Lie detection. --- MafiaBoy. --- Malware. --- Mole (espionage). --- Mossad. --- NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–07). --- National Security Archive. --- National security. --- Nuclear warfare. --- On Intelligence. --- Osama bin Laden. --- Palmer Raids. --- Persecution. --- Policy. --- Political corruption. --- Political crime. --- Political repression. --- Rogue state. --- Sabotage. --- Sanctions against Iran. --- Secret Intelligence Service. --- Security agency. --- Sensitive Compartmented Information. --- Smuggling. --- Spy fiction. --- Spycatcher. --- Spymaster. --- State secrets privilege. --- Stuxnet. --- Subversion. --- Targeted killing. --- Terrorism. --- The Shadow Factory. --- Theft. --- Think Secret. --- Top Secret America. --- Trade secret. --- Undercover operation. --- United States Intelligence Community. --- United States State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations. --- Vulnerability (computing). --- Warfare. --- Watergate scandal. --- Weapon of mass destruction. --- Intelligence service - United States --- Terrorism - Government policy - United States --- Public-private sector cooperation - United States --- Cyber intelligence (Computer security) - United States --- United States of America
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