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During Vietnam's two decades of rapid economic growth, its fertility rate has fallen sharply at the same time that its educational attainment has risen rapidly-macro trends that are consistent with the hypothesis of a quantity-quality tradeoff in child-rearing. This paper investigates whether the micro-level evidence supports the hypothesis that Vietnamese parents are in fact making a tradeoff between quantity and quality of children. The paper presents new measures of household investment in private tutoring, together with traditional measures of household investments in education. It analyzes data from the Vietnam Household Living Standards Surveys and instruments for family size using the distance to the nearest family planning center. The estimation results show that families do indeed invest less in the education of school-age children who have larger numbers of siblings. This effect holds for several indicators of educational investment-including general education expenditure and various measures of private tutoring investment-and is robust to various definitions of family size and model specifications that control for community characteristics as well as the distance to the city center. Finally, the results suggest that tutoring may be a better measure of quality-oriented household investments in education than traditional measures like enrollment, which are arguably less nuanced and household-driven.

Education finance --- Family size --- Fertility --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Poverty Reduction --- Private schooling --- Quantity-quality tradeoff --- Tutoring --- Vietnam

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Family demography. --- Family size --- Households --- Population --- Economic aspects. --- Family demography --- -Households --- -AA / International- internationaal --- 311.0 --- 310.0 --- Demography --- Families --- Human population --- Human populations --- Population growth --- Populations, Human --- Economics --- Human ecology --- Sociology --- Malthusianism --- Size of families --- Family planning --- Economic aspects --- Demografie. Algemene fenomenen: algemeenheden. --- Algemene theorie van de bevolking en bevolkingspolitiek: algemeenheden. --- Research --- AA / International- internationaal --- Algemene theorie van de bevolking en bevolkingspolitiek: algemeenheden --- Demografie. Algemene fenomenen: algemeenheden

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The striking upsurge in population growth rates in developing countries at the close of World War II gained force during the next decade. From the 1950's to the 1970's, scholars and advocacy groups publicized the trend and drew troubling conclusions about its economic and ecological implications. Private educational and philanthropic organizations, government, and international organizations joined in the struggle to reduce fertility. Three decades later this movement has seen changes beyond anyone's most optimistic dreams, and global demographic stabilization is expected in this century.

314.335.2 --- 314.336 --- Population policy --- -Birth control --- -Contraception --- -Fertility, Human --- -Population --- -Human population --- Human populations --- Population growth --- Populations, Human --- Economics --- Human ecology --- Sociology --- Demography --- Malthusianism --- Human fertility --- Natality --- Human reproduction --- Infertility --- Conception --- Birth control --- Reproductive rights --- Population control --- Pregnancy --- Family planning --- Contraception --- Population planning --- Social policy --- Geboortebeperking --(demografische analyse) --- Gezinsplanning. Gezinsgrootte --- Prevention --- -Geboortebeperking --(demografische analyse) --- Contraception -- Developing countries -- Case studies. --- Family planning -- Developing countries -- Case studies. --- Population policy -- Case studies. --- Fertility, Human --- Population --- Community Health Services --- Culture --- Public Policy --- International Cooperation --- History, Modern 1601 --- -Reproductive Health Services --- Cross-Cultural Comparison --- Family Planning Policy --- History, 20th Century --- Family Planning Services --- Developing Countries --- History --- Health Services --- Anthropology, Cultural --- Social Control Policies --- Internationality --- Social Sciences --- Social Control, Formal --- Policy --- Health Care Facilities, Manpower, and Services --- Anthropology --- Humanities --- Health Care --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Business & Economics --- 314.336 Gezinsplanning. Gezinsgrootte --- 314.335.2 Geboortebeperking --(demografische analyse) --- -314.336 Gezinsplanning. Gezinsgrootte --- Human population --- Parenthood, Planned --- Planned parenthood --- Planning --- Birth intervals --- Family size