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Open defecation is exceptionally widespread in India, a county with puzzlingly high rates of child stunting. This paper reports a randomized controlled trial of a village-level sanitation program, implemented in one district by the government of Maharashtra. The program caused a large but plausible average increase in child height (95 percent confidence interval [0.04 to 0.61] standard deviations), which is an important marker of human capital. The results demonstrate sanitation externalities: an effect even on children in households that did not adopt latrines. Unusually, surveyors also collected data in districts where the government planned but ultimately did not conduct an experiment, permitting analysis of the importance of the set eligible for randomization.

Anthropometry --- Disease Control & Prevention --- Early Child and Children's Health --- Field experiment --- Health --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Height --- Human capital --- Hygiene Promotion and Social Marketing --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Nutrition --- Open defecation --- Population Policies --- Sanitaton --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- India

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Biometric identification. --- Electronic commerce -- Decision making. --- Electronic commerce -- Psychological aspects. --- Electronic commerce -- Technological innovations. --- Electronic commerce --- Biometric identification --- Commerce --- Business & Economics --- Marketing & Sales --- Decision making --- Psychological aspects --- Technological innovations --- Decision making. --- Psychological aspects. --- Technological innovations. --- Biometric person authentication --- Biometrics (Identification) --- Cybercommerce --- E-business --- E-commerce --- E-tailing --- eBusiness --- eCommerce --- Electronic business --- Internet commerce --- Internet retailing --- Online commerce --- Web retailing --- Anthropometry --- Identification --- Information superhighway --- E-books

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In this unique anthology, Steckel and Floud coordinate ten essays that bring a new perspective to inquiry about standard of living in modern times. These papers are arranged for international comparison, and they individually examine evidence of health and welfare during and after industrialization in eight countries: the United States, Britain, Sweden, the Netherlands, France, Germany, Japan, and Australia. The essays incorporate several indicators of quality of life, especially real per capita income and health, but also real wages, education, and inequality. And while the authors use traditional measures of health such as life expectancy and mortality rates, this volume stands alone in its extensive use of new "anthropometric" data-information about height, weight and body mass index that indicates changes in nations' well-being. Consequently, Health and Welfare during Industrialization signals a new direction in economic history, a broader and more thorough understanding of what constitutes standard of living.

Public health --- Industrialization --- Quality of life --- Santé publique --- Industrialisation --- Qualité de la vie --- Economic aspects. --- Aspect économique --- Quality of life. --- Stature --- Health aspects. --- Santé publique --- Qualité de la vie --- Aspect économique --- Public Health --- Cross-Cultural Comparison --- History, 18th Century --- History, 19th Century --- History, 20th Century --- Industry --- Economic aspects --- Health aspects --- history --- E-books --- Body height --- Body stature --- Height, Body --- Anthropometry --- Body size --- Posture --- Life, Quality of --- Economic history --- Human ecology --- Life --- Social history --- Basic needs --- Human comfort --- Social accounting --- Work-life balance --- Industrial development --- Economic development --- Economic policy --- Deindustrialization --- Community health --- Health services --- Hygiene, Public --- Hygiene, Social --- Public health services --- Public hygiene --- Sanitary affairs --- Social hygiene --- Health --- Human services --- Biosecurity --- Health literacy --- Medicine, Preventive --- National health services --- Sanitation --- Tertiary Sector --- Industries --- Sector, Tertiary --- Sectors, Tertiary --- Tertiary Sectors --- Commerce --- Ethics, Business --- 20th Cent. History (Medicine) --- 20th Cent. History of Medicine --- 20th Cent. Medicine --- Historical Events, 20th Century --- History of Medicine, 20th Cent. --- History, Twentieth Century --- Medical History, 20th Cent. --- Medicine, 20th Cent. --- 20th Century History --- 20th Cent. Histories (Medicine) --- 20th Century Histories --- Cent. Histories, 20th (Medicine) --- Cent. History, 20th (Medicine) --- Century Histories, 20th --- Century Histories, Twentieth --- Century History, 20th --- Century History, Twentieth --- Histories, 20th Cent. (Medicine) --- Histories, 20th Century --- Histories, Twentieth Century --- History, 20th Cent. (Medicine) --- Twentieth Century Histories --- Twentieth Century History --- 19th Cent. History (Medicine) --- 19th Cent. History of Medicine --- 19th Cent. Medicine --- Historical Events, 19th Century --- History of Medicine, 19th Cent. --- History, Nineteenth Century --- Medical History, 19th Cent. --- Medicine, 19th Cent. --- 19th Century History --- 19th Cent. Histories (Medicine) --- 19th Century Histories --- Cent. Histories, 19th (Medicine) --- Cent. History, 19th (Medicine) --- Century Histories, 19th --- Century Histories, Nineteenth --- Century History, 19th --- Century History, Nineteenth --- Histories, 19th Cent. (Medicine) --- Histories, 19th Century --- Histories, Nineteenth Century --- History, 19th Cent. (Medicine) --- Nineteenth Century Histories --- Nineteenth Century History --- 18th Cent. History (Medicine) --- 18th Cent. History of Medicine --- 18th Cent. Medicine --- Historical Events, 18th Century --- History of Medicine, 18th Cent. --- History, Eighteenth Century --- Medical History, 18th Cent. --- Medicine, 18th Cent. --- 18th Century History --- 18th Century Histories --- Cent. History, 18th (Medicine) --- Cent. Medicine, 18th --- Century Histories, 18th --- Century Histories, Eighteenth --- Century History, 18th --- Century History, Eighteenth --- Eighteenth Century Histories --- Eighteenth Century History --- Histories, 18th Century --- Histories, Eighteenth Century --- History, 18th Cent. (Medicine) --- Transcultural Studies --- Comparison, Cross-Cultural --- Comparisons, Cross-Cultural --- Cross Cultural Comparison --- Cross-Cultural Comparisons --- Studies, Transcultural --- Study, Transcultural --- Transcultural Study --- Cultural Characteristics --- Culture --- Community Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine & Public Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine and Public Health --- Health, Community --- Health, Public --- Preventive Medicine --- Education, Public Health Professional --- inequality, education, real wages, per capita income, quality of life, industrialization, australia, japan, germany, france, the netherlands, sweden, britain, united states, body mass index, mortality, standard living, public health, economic growth, welfare, height, gender, women, poverty, modernization, wurttemberg, nonfiction, economics.