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More than any other issue in Islamic theology, anthropomorphism (tashbih) stood at the heart of many theological debates, and was mostly discussed within the circles of traditionalist Islam. The way a scholar interpreted the anthropomorphic descriptions of God in the Qur'an or the Hadith (for instance, God's hand, God's laughter or God's sitting on the heavenly throne) often reflected his political and social stature, as well as his theological affinity.

Hadith --- Islam --- Anthropomorphism --- Symbolism --- God --- Mohammedanism --- Muhammadanism --- Muslimism --- Mussulmanism --- Religions --- Muslims --- Criticism, interpretation, etc --- Corporeality --- E-books --- Criticism, interpretation, etc. --- Geschichte 700-1350. --- God (Islam) --- Allah --- Monotheism (Islam) --- Religious aspects --- Islam. --- Doctrines --- History. --- Attributes --- History of doctrines.

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May 2000 - How much a developing country can take advantage of technology transfer from foreign direct investment depends partly on how well educated and well trained its workforce is, how much it is willing to invest in research and development, and how much protection it offers for intellectual property rights. Saggi surveys the literature on trade and foreign direct investment - especially wholly owned subsidiaries of multinational firms and international joint ventures - as channels for technology transfer. He also discusses licensing and other arm's-length channels of technology transfer. He concludes: How trade encourages growth depends on whether knowledge spillover is national or international. Spillover is more likely to be national for developing countries than for industrial countries; Local policy often makes pure foreign direct investment infeasible, so foreign firms choose licensing or joint ventures. The jury is still out on whether licensing or joint ventures lead to more learning by local firms; Policies designed to attract foreign direct investment are proliferating. Several plant-level studies have failed to find positive spillover from foreign direct investment to firms competing directly with subsidiaries of multinationals. (However, these studies treat foreign direct investment as exogenous and assume spillover to be horizontal - when it may be vertical.) All such studies do find the subsidiaries of multinationals to be more productive than domestic firms, so foreign direct investment does result in host countries using resources more effectively; Absorptive capacity in the host country is essential for getting significant benefits from foreign direct investment. Without adequate human capital or investments in research and development, spillover fails to materialize; A country's policy on protection of intellectual property rights affects the type of industry it attracts. Firms for which such rights are crucial (such as pharmaceutical firms) are unlikely to invest directly in countries where such protections are weak, or will not invest in manufacturing and research and development activities. Policy on intellectual property rights also influences whether technology transfer comes through licensing, joint ventures, or the establishment of wholly owned subsidiaries. This paper - a product of Trade, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to study microfoundations of international technology diffusion. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Microfoundations of International Technology Diffusion. The author may be contacted at ksaggi@mail.smu.edu.

Attributes --- Basic --- E-Business --- E-Mail --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emerging Markets --- Foreign Direct Investment --- High Technology --- ICT Policy and Strategies --- Industry --- Information --- Information and Communication Technologies --- International Economics & Trade --- Inventors --- Know-How --- Knowledge Economy --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Microfinance --- New Technologies --- Outsourcing --- Private Sector Development --- Semiconductor --- Semiconductor Industry --- Social Protections and Labor --- Systems --- Technological Change --- Technologies --- Technology --- Technology Industry --- Technology Licensing --- Technology Spillovers --- Technology Transfer --- Trade and Regional Integration

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The importance of chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) to global health has gained increased recognition since the early 1990's, and has been accompanied by calls for a stronger policy response. It is increasingly clear that aging populations, rising incomes, and increased exposure to risk factors are contributing to patterns of illness, disability and premature death due to NCDs that merit greater policy attention than they have received in the past. This report is an Agenda for Action in response to the growing economic, social and health problems posed by NCDs. The report has a dual

Chronic diseases. --- Chronic diseases --- World health --- Public Policy --- Public Health Practice --- Preventive Health Services --- Social Sciences --- Disease Attributes --- Public Health --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Social Control Policies --- Pathologic Processes --- Health Services --- Policy --- Social Control, Formal --- Environment and Public Health --- Health Care Facilities, Manpower, and Services --- Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms --- Health Care --- Sociology --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Diseases --- Health Policy --- Chronic Disease --- Primary Prevention --- Economics --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Public Health - General --- Government policy --- E-books --- World health. --- Government policy. --- Global health --- International health --- Diseases, Chronic --- NCDs (Noncommunicable diseases) --- Non-communicable diseases --- Non-infectious diseases --- Noncommunicable diseases --- Public health --- Medical geography --- International cooperation --- World Bank.

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Disability is an important issue for the transition countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Not only is a significant portion of their population either in poor health or disabled - with implications for labor force participation and productivity - but their aging demographics project an increase in the share of disabled people, raising concerns about the sustainability of social protection programs. Thus, if these heavily resource-strapped countries fail to deal in an efficient manner with disability and health issues in their population, they could face serious challenges to

Chronic diseases --- Maladies chroniques --- Economic aspects --- Aspect économique --- Chronic diseases. --- Employment --- Persons --- Population Characteristics --- Publication Formats --- Social Sciences --- Disease Attributes --- Europe --- Sociology --- Health Care --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Publication Characteristics --- Pathologic Processes --- Geographic Locations --- Named Groups --- Geographicals --- Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms --- Diseases --- Europe, Eastern --- Tables --- Socioeconomic Factors --- Statistics --- Unemployment --- Economics --- Disabled Persons --- Chronic Disease --- Public Health --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Public Health - General --- Aspect économique --- Chronically Ill --- Chronic Illness --- Chronic Diseases --- Chronic Illnesses --- Disease, Chronic --- Diseases, Chronic --- Illness, Chronic --- Illnesses, Chronic --- Physically Disabled --- Handicapped --- People with Disabilities --- Persons with Disabilities --- Physically Challenged --- Physically Handicapped --- Disabilities, People with --- Disabilities, Persons with --- Disability, Persons with --- Disabled Person --- Disabled, Physically --- Handicapped, Physically --- People with Disability --- Person, Disabled --- Persons with Disability --- Persons, Disabled --- Capital --- Conditions, Economic --- Consumption --- Cost of Living --- Easterlin Hypothesis --- Economic Conditions --- Economic Factors --- Economic Policies --- Economic Policy --- Economics, Home --- Factors, Economic --- Home Economics --- Household Consumption --- Macroeconomic Factors --- Microeconomic Factors --- Policies, Economic --- Policy, Economic --- Production --- Remittances --- Utility Theory --- Consumer Price Index --- Condition, Economic --- Consumer Price Indices --- Consumption, Household --- Economic Condition --- Economic Factor --- Factor, Economic --- Factor, Macroeconomic --- Factor, Microeconomic --- Factors, Macroeconomic --- Factors, Microeconomic --- Household Consumptions --- Hypothesis, Easterlin --- Index, Consumer Price --- Indices, Consumer Price --- Living Cost --- Living Costs --- Remittance --- Theories, Utility --- Theory, Utility --- Utility Theories --- Factors, Socioeconomic --- High-Income Population --- Inequalities --- Land Tenure --- Standard of Living --- Factor, Socioeconomic --- High Income Population --- High-Income Populations --- Inequality --- Living Standard --- Living Standards --- Population, High-Income --- Populations, High-Income --- Socioeconomic Factor --- Tenure, Land --- Symptoms and General Pathology --- Pathological Processes --- Processes, Pathologic --- Processes, Pathological --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Person --- Child Labor --- Employment Insecurity --- Employment Status --- Labor Force --- Marginal Employment --- Occupational Status --- Precarious Employment --- Status, Occupational --- Underemployment --- Employment Termination --- Employment Insecurities --- Employment, Marginal --- Employment, Precarious --- Insecurity, Employment --- Labor Forces --- Labor, Child --- Status, Employment --- Termination, Employment --- General Social Development and Population --- NCDs (Noncommunicable diseases) --- Non-communicable diseases --- Non-infectious diseases --- Noncommunicable diseases --- Attribute, Disease --- Attributes, Disease --- Disease Attribute --- Science, Social --- Sciences, Social --- Social Science --- Population Heterogeneity --- Population Statistics --- Characteristic, Population --- Characteristics, Population --- Heterogeneity, Population --- Population Characteristic --- Statistics, Population --- Pain Management --- Rehabilitation Research --- Bedridden Persons --- Immobilization --- Sports for Persons with Disabilities --- Health Services for Persons with Disabilities --- Rehabilitation, Vocational --- Work --- Social Inequalities --- Social Inequality --- Inequalities, Social --- Inequality, Social --- Geography --- Factor, Geographic --- Factors, Geographic --- Geographic Factor --- Geographic Factors --- Geography, Human --- Human Geography --- Geographic Location --- Northern Europe --- Southern Europe --- Western Europe --- Eastern Europe --- Economic and Social Factors --- Social and Economic Factors --- Socioeconomic Characteristics --- Characteristic, Socioeconomic --- Socioeconomic Characteristic