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In an ideal world, primary education would be universal and publicly financed, and all children would be able to attend school regardless of their parents’ ability or willingness to pay. In many poor countries, however, governments lack either the financial resources or the political will to provide each child with a basic education, despite the benefits that would accrue not only to individuals but to society as a whole. In some of these countries, parents cover part or all of the cost of their children’s education. This paper explores the pros and cons of user payments.

Macroeconomics --- Education: General --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Education --- Personal income --- Income --- Chad

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Dans un monde idéal, l’enseignement primaire serait universel et financé sur les deniers publics et les enfants seraient scolarisés, que leurs parents en aient ou non les moyens ou la volonté. Mais dans de nombreux pays pauvres, l'État n'a pas les ressources financières ou la volonté politique nécessaires pour assurer l'enseignement de base à tous les enfants, malgré les avantages qu'en retireraient les individus et la société tout entière. Dans certains de ces pays, les parents paient totalement ou en partie pour l’éducation de leurs enfants. Ce document examine les avantages et les inconvénients des contributions des parents.

Macroeconomics --- Education: General --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Education --- Personal income --- Income --- Chad

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Gene Luczkiw’s ideas and connections led to the formulation of Entreplexity® – his word for the complex face of entrepreneurial thought. He was contagion of curiosity who addressed his own questions and with the twist of a word or idea showed a creative dexterity that infected all those in his world. His professional and academic life cast him as a crusader for personal empowerment through teaching individuals to assume responsibility for their own life and to act in ways that were beneficial to themselves and others. He accomplished this and found ways to touch the lives of all he encountered. This volume begins with practice by chronicling the development and implementation of an Enterprise focus in a Bachelor of Education degree program. The second part of this book provides a deep and thoughtful grasp of academic and business theory grounding Gene’s approach to learning, teaching and life, in general. This work of an exceptional individual who adopted and developed entrepreneurial thought early on merits serious consideration in a changing world.

Education. --- Education (general). --- Education --- Entrepreneurship --- Study and teaching --- E-books --- Entrepreneurship. --- Luczkiw, Gene. --- Education, general. --- Children --- Education, Primitive --- Education of children --- Human resource development --- Instruction --- Pedagogy --- Schooling --- Students --- Youth --- Civilization --- Learning and scholarship --- Mental discipline --- Schools --- Teaching --- Training --- Study and teaching. --- Entrepreneur --- Intrapreneur --- Capitalism --- Business incubators

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Intergovernmental equalization grants have been described as “the glue that holds a nation together.” Getting the grants system right is critical to countries as they decentralize. This paper illustrates general principles with an example based on Indonesia in 2000. A general grant should be used to supplement own revenues and to finance local service provision where there are no central mandates. The special needs of backward regions would be better provided for by specific grants. Specific grants need to be taken into account in the general grants scheme.

Public Finance --- Demography --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Education: General --- Demographic Economics: General --- Health: General --- Public finance & taxation --- Education --- Population & demography --- Health economics --- Expenditure --- Total expenditures --- Population and demographics --- Health --- Expenditures, Public --- Population --- Indonesia

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This paper benchmarks the efficiency of public expenditure in the social sectors in the Russian Federation relative to other countries and among the country's regions. It finds that there is substantial room for efficiency gains, particularly in health care and social protection, although less so in education. An econometric analysis of efficiency differences between the regions suggests that they are positively related to per capita income and the quality of governance and democratic control, while they are negatively related to the share of federal transfers in the respective region's government revenue and the level of spending relative to gross regional product.

Public Finance --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Education: General --- Health: General --- National Government Expenditures and Health --- National Government Expenditures and Education --- Public finance & taxation --- Education --- Health economics --- Expenditure --- Health --- Health care spending --- Education spending --- Expenditures, Public --- Russian Federation