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The main purpose of this Handbook is to provide overviews and assessments of the state-of-the-art regarding research methods, approaches and applications central to economic geography. The chapters are written by distinguished researchers from a variety of scholarly traditions and with a background in different academic disciplines including economics, economic, human and cultural geography, and economic history. The resulting handbook covers a broad spectrum of methodologies and approaches applicable in analyses pertaining to the geography of economic activities and economic outcomes.

Economic geography

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Economic geography. --- Industrial location

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This paper identifies high-priority areas for methane emissions reduction and estimates recent emissions changes in those areas using atmospheric concentration data from the European Space Agency's Sentinel-5P satellite platform. The modeling approach is illustrated with three case studies: landfills in Spain (Madrid), irrigated rice production in India (Karnal district, Haryana state), and oil production in Iraq (Al Amarah district, Maysan governorate). For each case, the paper estimates two change models by fixed effects: the monthly trend in methane concentration from January 2019 to November 2022, and the difference between mean concentration in 2022 and the previous three years. The paper estimates the change models for 775 high-priority areas and finds that cases with decreasing methane emissions are outnumbered four to one by cases with increasing emissions. The paper also analyzes trends in high-priority areas for seven major methane source sectors (agricultural soils, livestock, gas, oil, coal, landfills, and wastewater) and finds only two where emissions decreases outnumber increases (gas and oil). Among World Bank income groups, decreases outnumber increases in high-income economies but increases are hugely dominant in the other three groups. The paper concludes with a presentation of summary emissions trend reports for all 775 high-priority areas, with accompanying maps and an Excel file. As satellite-based monitoring becomes more widely employed, such reports will provide a useful template for judging further progress toward fulfillment of the Global Methane Pledge.

Agriculture. --- Agricultural geography.

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These remarks were delivered by the World Bank Group President David Malpass to the U.S. Treasury's Event on Tackling Food Insecurity : The Challenge and Call to Action, on April 19, 2022. He spoke about Russia's invasion of Ukraine has triggered major threats to global food and nutrition security. He mentioned that the global food and fertilizer prices were already on the rise prior to the war. He added that food and nutrition insecurity were also rising. He described that the deepening of the crisis in the last two months is directly linked to the terrible war being waged by Russia on Ukraine, and the costly financial, shipping, and logistical hurdles now faced by agribusinesses and importers. He also said that food crises are particularly devastating for the poorest and most vulnerable people. He expects to launch an overall surge in their financial support in coming weeks. He told them that funding for food security will be an important component. He also mentioned two mechanisms that can be mobilized alongside IDA and IBRD, to boost food security and resilience, in a well-coordinated manner as follows: (i) the Global Agriculture and Food Security Program (GAFSP), which was set up by the G20 in response to the 2007-2008 food crisis; and (ii) the World Bank also hosts a multi-donor Trust Fund, Food Systems 2030, that can help countries strengthen their food systems to meet short and long-term goals. He spoke about the tragedy unfolding in Ukraine must not be compounded with another tragedy - a global food crisis. He concluded by saying that they can count on the World Bank Group to work with all partners to help the people of developing economies to confront these challenges.

Agriculture. --- Agricultural geography.

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These remarks were delivered by World Bank Group President David Malpass to the Development Committee at 2022 Spring Meetings on April 22, 2022. In the case of Ukraine, the World Bank Group is doing everything we can to assist during the crisis. We have already mobilized more than 3 billion dollars of support, enlarged by your grants, guarantees, and parallel financing. We are also exploring other innovative financing options to support countries hosting Ukrainian refugees. Together with the IMF and other IFIs we are sending a clear signal that we stand with the Ukrainian people during these difficult times. The World Bank Group has made significant progress over the past decade in our engagements with countries facing challenges across the full spectrum of fragility, conflict, and violence. The Bank expects to have committed 11 billion dollars to purchase and deploy vaccines by the end of our fiscal year, benefiting 81 countries. As the world faces crises of refugees and IDPs, digitalization is creating new jobs, expanding financial inclusion, and improving the delivery of health, education, and social protection programs. It is also increasing the quality of government services, enhancing accountability, and reducing opportunities for corruption. The World Bank Group can work with the public and private sectors, in collaboration with other development partners, to develop and expand access to solutions aimed at harnessing the full potential of digital transformation.

Agriculture. --- Agricultural geography.